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World History > Chapter 23 - The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West Flashcards

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1
Q

3 forces that contributed to revolutions

A

cultural (intellectual), commercialization, and population growth

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2
Q

There was a gap between leading intellectuals and ________

A

established institutions

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3
Q

How did growing wealth of businesspeople challenge Europe?

A

Businesspeople gaining new wealth challenged the idea that aristocrats should hold the most influence and political office

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4
Q

When did Western Europe experience its huge population jump?

A

after 1730

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5
Q

What was the primary factor in the population revolution?

A

the potato providing improved nutrition, reducing the death rate

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6
Q

What was the secondary cause of the population revolution?

A

Better border policing by efficient state-governments reduced movement of disease-bearing animals

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7
Q

What political effects did the population revolution have?

A

Because the aristocrats were having more and more children who were born privileged, it became harder for anyone not an aristocrat to gain a high post in church or state

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8
Q

How did population pressure drive people into the working class?

A

Because they were not firstborns, many lost any opportunity of inheriting property and were thereby driven into the working class

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9
Q

The population growth of the 18th century prompted a rapid expansion of _________

A

domestic manufacturing

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10
Q

Domestic manufacturing became popular by 1800 in both _______ and _______

A

western Europe, United States

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11
Q

Proto-industrialization

A

Hundreds of thousands of people worked to create textiles and metal, but materials and sales depended on urban merchants in this capitalist system

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12
Q

Prompted by their own population revolution, the aristocrats of France ____________

A

tightened their grip on political offices

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13
Q

What set the seal on the French Revolution?

A

A sharp economic slump in 1787 and 1788 triggered by bad harvests

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14
Q

French king at the time of the French Revolution

A

Louis XVI

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15
Q

Why did Louis XVI call a meeting of the traditional parliament?

A

To consider tax reform for the financially pinched regime

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16
Q

Who was the leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution?

A

Maximilien Robespierre

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17
Q

When was the king executed?

A

1792

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18
Q

cult of the Supreme being

A

a civic religion invented by Robespierre to replace Catholicism

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19
Q

Why did Robespierre fall?

A

He shied away from social reforms that may have won him support; he was convinced that he knew the people’s will as opposition mounted

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20
Q

What system did Robespierre and the radicals produce that symbolized Enlightenment thought?

A

metric system of weights and measures

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21
Q

While the radical regime was in power in France, what policy was instituted in the French colonies?

A

Abolition of slavery

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22
Q

Universal military conscription

A

Robespierre and allies proclaimed that men who were free citizens owed loyalty and service to the goernment

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23
Q

During the radical phase, what successes did the revolutionary armies have?

A

France’s enemies driven out, new territory acquired in Low Countries, Italy, Germany (spread of revolutionary spirit)

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24
Q

The world’s first ______ was created during the radical phase

A

national anthem

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25
Q

Nationalism during the radical phase could replace ___________

A

older loyalties to church or locality

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26
Q

What did Napoleon do to parliament?

A

He reduced it to a rubber stamp

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27
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte converted the revolutionary republic to the ___________

A

authoritarian empire

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28
Q

The Napoleonic code enforced _______ and ______

A

religious freedom, equality for men

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29
Q

To train bureaucrats, Napoleon _______

A

developed a centralized system of secondary schools and universities

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30
Q

A ____________ crushed Napoleon in 1814 and 1815

A

alliance system organized by Britain

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31
Q

How were Napoleon’s campaigns culturally/politically/socially important in Europe?

A

they spread key revolutionary legislation (idea of equality under the law and attack on privileged institutions) throughout much of western Europe

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32
Q

What was the most significant impact of Napoleon and the revolution outside of France?

A

nationalism, caused by military successes of France tearing down local governments, France’s invasion itself causing increased loyalties to mother nations

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33
Q

Why didn’t the Diplomats at the Congress of Vienna try to punish France too severely?

A

they wanted to restore the European balance of power

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34
Q

How did the Congress of Vienna affect the land of Russia and Britain?

A

Russia swallowed Poland and made gains in Prussia, Britain granted new colonial territories

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35
Q

How successful were the territorial adjustments from the Congress of Vienna?

A

They kept Europe fairly stable for almost half a century

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36
Q

What did the Congress of Vienna not succeed in doing?

A

Promoting internal peace for each individual country

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37
Q

A key plan of conservatism in Europe was to ________

A

restore monarchy in France and link Europe’s major powers in defense of churches and kings

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38
Q

How did radicals differ from liberals?

A

They wanted wider voting rights, even advocating outright democracy

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39
Q

revolutions of the 1820’s

A

rebellion in Spain, Greek Revolution

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40
Q

Greek Revolution was important because __________

A

it was a key step in dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

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41
Q

revolutions of the 1830’s

A

French Revolution, Belgian Revolution

42
Q

The French Revolution of 1830

A

installed a different king, more liberal monarchy

43
Q

Belgian Revolution of 1830

A

produced liberal regime, independent nation

44
Q

Reform Bill of 1832

A

British bill that gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men

45
Q

What did the regimes in France, Britain, Belgium, and other countries have in common by the 1830’s?

A

solid parliaments, some individual rights, religious freedom, voting systems

46
Q

How did the 1832 Reform Bill clash with industrialization?

A

It granted votes to middle-class men, NOT working-class people, which led to further protest

47
Q

By the 1830s and 1840s, France, Belgium, Germany, and the US were all ________

A

in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution

48
Q

As a result of the industrial revolution, what did artisans do?

A

Concerned for the future of traditional skilled labor, they provided much of the muscle for the final phase of the age of revolution

49
Q

Chartist Movement

A

artisans and workers fighting for the right to vote, hoping that a democratic government would regulate new technologies and promote popular education

50
Q

France, February 1848

A

the French monarchy was expelled for good and a democratic republic was briefly established

51
Q

What were the results of the 1840s revolutions?

A

liberal constitutions, social reforms restraining industrialization, complete end of manorialism

52
Q

The results of the 1840s revolutions were _______

A

mostly temporary

53
Q

What did working-class leaders and liberals learn from the failures of the 1840s revolutions?

A

To use gradual methods, like improving transportation to reduce risk of food crises

54
Q

Explain the industrial class structure of the 1850’s

A

social structure came to rest less on privilege and birth and more on money

55
Q

What was the main division in the industrial class structure?

A

middle-class property owners vs workers

56
Q

How did family life adjust to industrialization?

A

Birth rates began to drop

57
Q

How did the perception of children change during 1850-1914?

A

They were seen as a source of parental responsibility and emotional fulfillment, not as workers contributing to family economy

58
Q

Material conditions generally ______ after 1850

A

improved

59
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

discovered germs

60
Q

The rise of corporations sparked many ______

A

labor movements and strikes

61
Q

1850: How did peasants use market conditions to their own benefits?

A

Specialization in cash crops, sent children to school to improve farming operations

62
Q

After 1848, how did nationalism change?

A

Whereas it had been used before as a radical force, conservatives now also used it to promote ACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY

63
Q

The most important new uses of nationalism in the West occurred in ______ and _____

A

italy, Germany

64
Q

Count Camillo di Cavour formed an alliance with France that enabled him to ___________

A

attack Austrian control of northern Italian provinces

65
Q

Cavour’s attack on Austrian control led to a _____

A

nationalist rebellion allowing Cavour to unite most of Italy under the Piedmontese king

66
Q

How did Cavour’s actions influence the church?

A

Because the people were united under the Piedmontese king, the political power of the Catholic pope was reduced –> general reduction of church power in Western politics

67
Q

Otto von Bismarck in Prussia

A

staged wars in 1860s that expanded Prussian power in Germany

68
Q

When did France finally establish a conservative republic?

A

1870

69
Q

trasformismo

A

transformism in which parliamentary deputies were transformed once in Rome to a single-minded pursuit of political office and support of the status quo

70
Q

What function did all Western governments introduce after 1870?

A

civil service examinations

71
Q

After 1870, governments expanded ___________

A

regulatory apparatus

72
Q

constitutional issues were replaced by ________ during the late 1800’s

A

social issues

73
Q

What was the period of the late 1800’s called?

A

the social question

74
Q

The rise of socialism depended on the ________

A

power of grievances of the working class

75
Q

revisionism

A

Marx’s revolutionary vision was wrong and success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means

76
Q

What other powerful social movement (not socialism) had arisen by 1900?

A

feminism

77
Q

Advertising signaled the rise of ________

A

mass leisure culture

78
Q

Artistic movement from 1800 - 1850s

A

romanticism

79
Q

What did romanticism say was the key to human experience?

A

emotion and impression, not reason and generalization

80
Q

Romanticism and the feeling of defiance led to _________

A

increasing abstraction

81
Q

Why did the Industrial Revolution prompt a major expansion of the West’s power in the world?

A

Western nations needed new markets for their increased manufacturing capability of processed goods, while they also needed raw materials

82
Q

Industrialization helped Western nations to expand by ______

A

providing better weapons

83
Q

America’s image as a symbol of freedom caused ________

A

a stream of immigrants

84
Q

Europe had settlements in ______________ during the 19th century

A

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

85
Q

Why did Bismarck create a complex alliance system during the 1870s and 1880s to protect Germany and diver European attention?

A

the unification of Germany and rapid industrial growth had altered the power balance

86
Q

Britain grew concerned about Germany’s _________

A

overseas drive and large navy

87
Q

Why was France eager to ally with Britain and Russia?

A

trying to escape the Bismarck-engineered isolation

88
Q

Triple Alliance

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

89
Q

Triple Entente

A

Britain, Russia, and France

90
Q

Balkan nationalism threatened _______

A

Austria, which had a large southern Slav population

91
Q

Austria was concerned when Serbia ________

A

achieved territory gains

92
Q

What landmark event occurred in 1914?

A

a Serbian nationalist assassinated an Austrian archduke on behalf of Serbian claims

93
Q

nation

A

a cultural entity that shares a distinct and conscious sense of communal identity arising from 1.) common ethnic heritage or 2.) common ideology, value, or historical experience

94
Q

state

A

political/legal entity that occupies geographic territory, is under common political institutions, has self-government

95
Q

nation-state

A

a political/territorial unit consisting of a nation

96
Q

country

A

usually synonymous with “state”, but relates more specifically to the territory

97
Q

nationalism

A

a political ideology beginning in 18th century Europe, stressing people’s membership in a nation

98
Q

patriotism

A

devotion/loyalty to one’s country and its political institutions

99
Q

jingoism

A

exaggerated patriotism manifesting itself in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy

100
Q

ethnocentrism

A

Belief that one’s own ethnic group possesses characteristics or abilities specific to that ethnic group that are superior to those of other ethnic groups

101
Q

racism

A

Belief that one’s own racial group possesses characteristics or abilities specific to that group that are superior to those of other racial groups

World History (9 decks)

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