Chapter 23 - The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West Flashcards
3 forces that contributed to revolutions
cultural (intellectual), commercialization, and population growth
There was a gap between leading intellectuals and ________
established institutions
How did growing wealth of businesspeople challenge Europe?
Businesspeople gaining new wealth challenged the idea that aristocrats should hold the most influence and political office
When did Western Europe experience its huge population jump?
after 1730
What was the primary factor in the population revolution?
the potato providing improved nutrition, reducing the death rate
What was the secondary cause of the population revolution?
Better border policing by efficient state-governments reduced movement of disease-bearing animals
What political effects did the population revolution have?
Because the aristocrats were having more and more children who were born privileged, it became harder for anyone not an aristocrat to gain a high post in church or state
How did population pressure drive people into the working class?
Because they were not firstborns, many lost any opportunity of inheriting property and were thereby driven into the working class
The population growth of the 18th century prompted a rapid expansion of _________
domestic manufacturing
Domestic manufacturing became popular by 1800 in both _______ and _______
western Europe, United States
Proto-industrialization
Hundreds of thousands of people worked to create textiles and metal, but materials and sales depended on urban merchants in this capitalist system
Prompted by their own population revolution, the aristocrats of France ____________
tightened their grip on political offices
What set the seal on the French Revolution?
A sharp economic slump in 1787 and 1788 triggered by bad harvests
French king at the time of the French Revolution
Louis XVI
Why did Louis XVI call a meeting of the traditional parliament?
To consider tax reform for the financially pinched regime
Who was the leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution?
Maximilien Robespierre
When was the king executed?
1792
cult of the Supreme being
a civic religion invented by Robespierre to replace Catholicism
Why did Robespierre fall?
He shied away from social reforms that may have won him support; he was convinced that he knew the people’s will as opposition mounted
What system did Robespierre and the radicals produce that symbolized Enlightenment thought?
metric system of weights and measures
While the radical regime was in power in France, what policy was instituted in the French colonies?
Abolition of slavery
Universal military conscription
Robespierre and allies proclaimed that men who were free citizens owed loyalty and service to the goernment
During the radical phase, what successes did the revolutionary armies have?
France’s enemies driven out, new territory acquired in Low Countries, Italy, Germany (spread of revolutionary spirit)
The world’s first ______ was created during the radical phase
national anthem
Nationalism during the radical phase could replace ___________
older loyalties to church or locality
What did Napoleon do to parliament?
He reduced it to a rubber stamp
Napoleon Bonaparte converted the revolutionary republic to the ___________
authoritarian empire
The Napoleonic code enforced _______ and ______
religious freedom, equality for men
To train bureaucrats, Napoleon _______
developed a centralized system of secondary schools and universities
A ____________ crushed Napoleon in 1814 and 1815
alliance system organized by Britain
How were Napoleon’s campaigns culturally/politically/socially important in Europe?
they spread key revolutionary legislation (idea of equality under the law and attack on privileged institutions) throughout much of western Europe
What was the most significant impact of Napoleon and the revolution outside of France?
nationalism, caused by military successes of France tearing down local governments, France’s invasion itself causing increased loyalties to mother nations
Why didn’t the Diplomats at the Congress of Vienna try to punish France too severely?
they wanted to restore the European balance of power
How did the Congress of Vienna affect the land of Russia and Britain?
Russia swallowed Poland and made gains in Prussia, Britain granted new colonial territories
How successful were the territorial adjustments from the Congress of Vienna?
They kept Europe fairly stable for almost half a century
What did the Congress of Vienna not succeed in doing?
Promoting internal peace for each individual country
A key plan of conservatism in Europe was to ________
restore monarchy in France and link Europe’s major powers in defense of churches and kings
How did radicals differ from liberals?
They wanted wider voting rights, even advocating outright democracy
revolutions of the 1820’s
rebellion in Spain, Greek Revolution
Greek Revolution was important because __________
it was a key step in dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
revolutions of the 1830’s
French Revolution, Belgian Revolution
The French Revolution of 1830
installed a different king, more liberal monarchy
Belgian Revolution of 1830
produced liberal regime, independent nation
Reform Bill of 1832
British bill that gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men
What did the regimes in France, Britain, Belgium, and other countries have in common by the 1830’s?
solid parliaments, some individual rights, religious freedom, voting systems
How did the 1832 Reform Bill clash with industrialization?
It granted votes to middle-class men, NOT working-class people, which led to further protest
By the 1830s and 1840s, France, Belgium, Germany, and the US were all ________
in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution
As a result of the industrial revolution, what did artisans do?
Concerned for the future of traditional skilled labor, they provided much of the muscle for the final phase of the age of revolution
Chartist Movement
artisans and workers fighting for the right to vote, hoping that a democratic government would regulate new technologies and promote popular education
France, February 1848
the French monarchy was expelled for good and a democratic republic was briefly established
What were the results of the 1840s revolutions?
liberal constitutions, social reforms restraining industrialization, complete end of manorialism
The results of the 1840s revolutions were _______
mostly temporary
What did working-class leaders and liberals learn from the failures of the 1840s revolutions?
To use gradual methods, like improving transportation to reduce risk of food crises
Explain the industrial class structure of the 1850’s
social structure came to rest less on privilege and birth and more on money
What was the main division in the industrial class structure?
middle-class property owners vs workers
How did family life adjust to industrialization?
Birth rates began to drop
How did the perception of children change during 1850-1914?
They were seen as a source of parental responsibility and emotional fulfillment, not as workers contributing to family economy
Material conditions generally ______ after 1850
improved
Louis Pasteur
discovered germs
The rise of corporations sparked many ______
labor movements and strikes
1850: How did peasants use market conditions to their own benefits?
Specialization in cash crops, sent children to school to improve farming operations
After 1848, how did nationalism change?
Whereas it had been used before as a radical force, conservatives now also used it to promote ACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY
The most important new uses of nationalism in the West occurred in ______ and _____
italy, Germany
Count Camillo di Cavour formed an alliance with France that enabled him to ___________
attack Austrian control of northern Italian provinces
Cavour’s attack on Austrian control led to a _____
nationalist rebellion allowing Cavour to unite most of Italy under the Piedmontese king
How did Cavour’s actions influence the church?
Because the people were united under the Piedmontese king, the political power of the Catholic pope was reduced –> general reduction of church power in Western politics
Otto von Bismarck in Prussia
staged wars in 1860s that expanded Prussian power in Germany
When did France finally establish a conservative republic?
1870
trasformismo
transformism in which parliamentary deputies were transformed once in Rome to a single-minded pursuit of political office and support of the status quo
What function did all Western governments introduce after 1870?
civil service examinations
After 1870, governments expanded ___________
regulatory apparatus
constitutional issues were replaced by ________ during the late 1800’s
social issues
What was the period of the late 1800’s called?
the social question
The rise of socialism depended on the ________
power of grievances of the working class
revisionism
Marx’s revolutionary vision was wrong and success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means
What other powerful social movement (not socialism) had arisen by 1900?
feminism
Advertising signaled the rise of ________
mass leisure culture
Artistic movement from 1800 - 1850s
romanticism
What did romanticism say was the key to human experience?
emotion and impression, not reason and generalization
Romanticism and the feeling of defiance led to _________
increasing abstraction
Why did the Industrial Revolution prompt a major expansion of the West’s power in the world?
Western nations needed new markets for their increased manufacturing capability of processed goods, while they also needed raw materials
Industrialization helped Western nations to expand by ______
providing better weapons
America’s image as a symbol of freedom caused ________
a stream of immigrants
Europe had settlements in ______________ during the 19th century
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
Why did Bismarck create a complex alliance system during the 1870s and 1880s to protect Germany and diver European attention?
the unification of Germany and rapid industrial growth had altered the power balance
Britain grew concerned about Germany’s _________
overseas drive and large navy
Why was France eager to ally with Britain and Russia?
trying to escape the Bismarck-engineered isolation
Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente
Britain, Russia, and France
Balkan nationalism threatened _______
Austria, which had a large southern Slav population
Austria was concerned when Serbia ________
achieved territory gains
What landmark event occurred in 1914?
a Serbian nationalist assassinated an Austrian archduke on behalf of Serbian claims
nation
a cultural entity that shares a distinct and conscious sense of communal identity arising from 1.) common ethnic heritage or 2.) common ideology, value, or historical experience
state
political/legal entity that occupies geographic territory, is under common political institutions, has self-government
nation-state
a political/territorial unit consisting of a nation
country
usually synonymous with “state”, but relates more specifically to the territory
nationalism
a political ideology beginning in 18th century Europe, stressing people’s membership in a nation
patriotism
devotion/loyalty to one’s country and its political institutions
jingoism
exaggerated patriotism manifesting itself in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy
ethnocentrism
Belief that one’s own ethnic group possesses characteristics or abilities specific to that ethnic group that are superior to those of other ethnic groups
racism
Belief that one’s own racial group possesses characteristics or abilities specific to that group that are superior to those of other racial groups
