Chapter 24 - Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Flashcards
What fundamental shift caused European expansion in the late-19th century as opposed to the earlier centuries of overseas expansion?
The European powers were driven by rivalries with each other (and Japanese and Americans), not the fear of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East and north Africa or powerful empires in Asia
How did the Europeans rule in the areas they claimed as colonial possessions as opposed to before?
They established direct rule, where they had once been content to control local rulers
partition
the European division of Africa at the end of the 1800s
Colonial domination contracted in ______ and expanded in _______
the Americas; Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
The process of gaining colonial territory was often contrary to the interests and designs of ________
those in charge of European enterprises overseas
Why were the directors of the Dutch and English East India companies opposed to political involvement?
Wars were expensive, and direct administration of Asian/African possessions was more so; profits, NOT EMPIRES, were the chief concern of the Dutch and English directors
Why did the commanders actually in the colonial territories have much leeway?
Communication was slow; they could conquer whole provinces before home officials even knew they were on the move
Earliest empire to be built in this fashion
Dutch Java
Mataram sultants
ruled most of Java in 1619
How did the Dutch gain control of Batavia?
They intervened in succession wars, backing the side that eventually won
Each succession dispute in Java led to more and more __________
land ceded to the land-hungry Europeans
sepoys
Indian troops recruited by the British
British agents of the British East india Company repeatedly _________
meddled in disputes and conflicts between local princes
The British in India were most similar to _______
the Dutch in Java
British Raj
the British political establishment in India
While the Dutch march inland resulted from responses to local threats and opportunities, the rise of the British Raj owed much to ____________
fierce global rivalry between British and French
In the 18th century, British and French found themselves opposing in _________
five major wars
With the exception of the American Revolution, British vs French wars ended in _________
British victories
Who fought against the British in India (not the Indians)?
the French
The first victories of the British over the French and Indian princes took place in the _______
south
The British rise as a major land power in Asia hinged on ______
victories won in Bengal in the northeast
The key battle characterizing the rise of the British in India was at ______ in ______
Plassey; 1757
Why was Plassey remarkable?
3000 British troops and Indian sepoys defeated an Indian army of 50,000
Opposing leaders at Plassey
It pitted the teenage nawah (ruler) against Robert Clive, the architect of the British victory in the south
Why was Bengal a prize?
It was a fertile and populous kingdom
After Plassey, the British officials of the East India Company repeatedly _______
went to war with Indian princes whose kingdoms bordered on the company’s possessions
In the ruins of the Mughal empire, _________ fought to defend their territories
regional Indian princes
Intervening in regional conflicts allowed the British to _______
advance steadily inland
3 trading posts of Britain
Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
What happened to madras, Bombay, and Calcutta?
They became the administrative centers of the the three presidencies that eventually made up the bulk of British territory in India
How did the British control the kingdoms of defeated or allied Indian rulers?
through agents stationed at the rulers’ courts
princely states made up over ________ of the British Indian Empire
1/3
Why was it impossible for Mulsim/Hindu rulers to appeal to the defense of the homeland to drive out foreigners?
there was no sense of Indian national identity
________ outweighed the threat of the British in India
Old grudges and hatred
Why were ordinary Indians eager to serve in British regiments?
Better weapons, higher/more regular pay on average
Older colonies of Britain had more _____, but India had more ________
land; people
________ rapidly became the police of the entire British Indian empire
armies recruited from the Indian peoples
As the century progressed, India became an outlet for __________ and a source of ________
British investments and manufactured goods; key raw materials
At first, the Dutch and British were content to leave the ________ as they had found them
social systems of the peoples they ruled
Why were the Dutch and English forced to adapt to the ancient host cultures of their Asian colonies?
to survive in the hot tropical environments of south/southeast Asia
When the Dutch initially tried to create a little Holland in Java, they found that ________
the canals they built houses overlooking were breeding grounds for microbes carrying lethal diseases
Europeans living in the tropical colonies adopted _________, ______ and _____ habits, and the _______ styles of the Asian peoples they ruled
dress; eating; work; political
Mixed marriages on the part of prominent traders or officers were ___________, particularly in Java
widely accepted
Until the early 18th century, neither the Dutch nor British had much desire to push for changes in the ____________
social life of their Asian subjects
British enforced the ________ until the early 19th century
caste system
Neither the British nor Dutch wanted to spread _________ among the Indians or Javanese
Christianity
What forced the British parliament to enact significant reforms in the administration of the EIC?
rampant corruption on the part of company officials
How did corrupt company officials make money?
cheating the company and exploiting Indian peasants
These corrupt company officials were called ______
nabobs
The misconduct of the nabobs resulted in the ________ of 1770
Bengal famine
How did Lord Charles Cornwallis check widespread corruption?
By cleaning up the courts and reducing the power of local British administrators
What cultural force eventually spilled over into Britain’s colonial domains?
Evangelical revival
Evangelicals wanted to end ________
slave trade
Jeremy Bentham, James Mill
Utilitarian philosophers
