Chapter 24 - Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Flashcards
What fundamental shift caused European expansion in the late-19th century as opposed to the earlier centuries of overseas expansion?
The European powers were driven by rivalries with each other (and Japanese and Americans), not the fear of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East and north Africa or powerful empires in Asia
How did the Europeans rule in the areas they claimed as colonial possessions as opposed to before?
They established direct rule, where they had once been content to control local rulers
partition
the European division of Africa at the end of the 1800s
Colonial domination contracted in ______ and expanded in _______
the Americas; Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
The process of gaining colonial territory was often contrary to the interests and designs of ________
those in charge of European enterprises overseas
Why were the directors of the Dutch and English East India companies opposed to political involvement?
Wars were expensive, and direct administration of Asian/African possessions was more so; profits, NOT EMPIRES, were the chief concern of the Dutch and English directors
Why did the commanders actually in the colonial territories have much leeway?
Communication was slow; they could conquer whole provinces before home officials even knew they were on the move
Earliest empire to be built in this fashion
Dutch Java
Mataram sultants
ruled most of Java in 1619
How did the Dutch gain control of Batavia?
They intervened in succession wars, backing the side that eventually won
Each succession dispute in Java led to more and more __________
land ceded to the land-hungry Europeans
sepoys
Indian troops recruited by the British
British agents of the British East india Company repeatedly _________
meddled in disputes and conflicts between local princes
The British in India were most similar to _______
the Dutch in Java
British Raj
the British political establishment in India
While the Dutch march inland resulted from responses to local threats and opportunities, the rise of the British Raj owed much to ____________
fierce global rivalry between British and French
In the 18th century, British and French found themselves opposing in _________
five major wars
With the exception of the American Revolution, British vs French wars ended in _________
British victories
Who fought against the British in India (not the Indians)?
the French
The first victories of the British over the French and Indian princes took place in the _______
south
The British rise as a major land power in Asia hinged on ______
victories won in Bengal in the northeast
The key battle characterizing the rise of the British in India was at ______ in ______
Plassey; 1757
Why was Plassey remarkable?
3000 British troops and Indian sepoys defeated an Indian army of 50,000
Opposing leaders at Plassey
It pitted the teenage nawah (ruler) against Robert Clive, the architect of the British victory in the south
Why was Bengal a prize?
It was a fertile and populous kingdom
After Plassey, the British officials of the East India Company repeatedly _______
went to war with Indian princes whose kingdoms bordered on the company’s possessions
In the ruins of the Mughal empire, _________ fought to defend their territories
regional Indian princes
Intervening in regional conflicts allowed the British to _______
advance steadily inland
3 trading posts of Britain
Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta
What happened to madras, Bombay, and Calcutta?
They became the administrative centers of the the three presidencies that eventually made up the bulk of British territory in India
How did the British control the kingdoms of defeated or allied Indian rulers?
through agents stationed at the rulers’ courts
princely states made up over ________ of the British Indian Empire
1/3
Why was it impossible for Mulsim/Hindu rulers to appeal to the defense of the homeland to drive out foreigners?
there was no sense of Indian national identity
________ outweighed the threat of the British in India
Old grudges and hatred
Why were ordinary Indians eager to serve in British regiments?
Better weapons, higher/more regular pay on average
Older colonies of Britain had more _____, but India had more ________
land; people
________ rapidly became the police of the entire British Indian empire
armies recruited from the Indian peoples
As the century progressed, India became an outlet for __________ and a source of ________
British investments and manufactured goods; key raw materials
At first, the Dutch and British were content to leave the ________ as they had found them
social systems of the peoples they ruled
Why were the Dutch and English forced to adapt to the ancient host cultures of their Asian colonies?
to survive in the hot tropical environments of south/southeast Asia
When the Dutch initially tried to create a little Holland in Java, they found that ________
the canals they built houses overlooking were breeding grounds for microbes carrying lethal diseases
Europeans living in the tropical colonies adopted _________, ______ and _____ habits, and the _______ styles of the Asian peoples they ruled
dress; eating; work; political
Mixed marriages on the part of prominent traders or officers were ___________, particularly in Java
widely accepted
Until the early 18th century, neither the Dutch nor British had much desire to push for changes in the ____________
social life of their Asian subjects
British enforced the ________ until the early 19th century
caste system
Neither the British nor Dutch wanted to spread _________ among the Indians or Javanese
Christianity
What forced the British parliament to enact significant reforms in the administration of the EIC?
rampant corruption on the part of company officials
How did corrupt company officials make money?
cheating the company and exploiting Indian peasants
These corrupt company officials were called ______
nabobs
The misconduct of the nabobs resulted in the ________ of 1770
Bengal famine
How did Lord Charles Cornwallis check widespread corruption?
By cleaning up the courts and reducing the power of local British administrators
What cultural force eventually spilled over into Britain’s colonial domains?
Evangelical revival
Evangelicals wanted to end ________
slave trade
Jeremy Bentham, James Mill
Utilitarian philosophers
Utilitarian philosophers supported the Evangelicals in their _______
call for reforms in India
Utilitarian philosophers believed that there were __________
common principles by which human societies ought to be run to make decent living conditions for everyone
Utilitarians believed the British society was _______
far more advanced than Indian society
Utilitarians and Evangelicals pushed for __________ in India
British institutions and ways of thinking
Utilitarians and Evangelicals agreed that _______ was the key to revitalizing Indian civilization
Western education
Evangelicals and Utilitarians also pushed for reforms in ________ and a large-scale infusion of ________
Indian society; Western technology
At the heart of the reformers’ campaign was an effort to end _____
sati
Ram Mohun Roy
Western-educated Indian leader who helped outlaw sati
Why did the reforms that the British enacted in India mark a watershed in global history?
The alien British began to transmit ideas and technology associated with western Europe’s scientific and industrial revolutions to a non-Western world
Science and industry elevated Europeans over the rest of the world and also heightened ____________________
economic competition and political rivalries between European powers
In the first half of the 19th century, who dominated? By the last decades?
Britain; US, Belgium, France, Germany
Political leaders of expansive nations saw colonies as ________
essential to states that aspired to status as great powers
Colonies were seen as insurance against _______
raw material shortages and loss of overseas market outlets
The late 19th century was a period of recurring ___________ in Europe and the US
economic depressions
How did the development of mass journalism and the extension of the vote change foreign policy?
Public opinion became a major factor in foreign policy (empires were the property/pride of the nations of Europe and North America)
Industrial change not only justified the Europeans’ grab for colonial possessions but _______
made them much easier to capture
Railroads increased the ______ of an army
mobility
Despite the military technology disadvantage, African and Asian peoples often _________
fiercely resisted colonial rule
Zulus at Isandhlwana
Martial peoples who had the courage to defeat sizable British forces
Who were usually at the forefront of guerrilla battles against the British?
religious leaders
Two different types of colonies
tropical dependencies and settlement colonies
tropical dependencies in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific
small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples
settlement colonies
a colony where large numbers of Europeans migrated (White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia)
What happened in settlement colonies with both many European settlers and indigenous populations?
Europeans and indigenous peoples clashed over land rights, resource control, etc.
How did the Europeans put down resistance and maintain control in the establishment of administrative, legal, and educational systems?
they exploited long-standing ethnic and cultural divisions between the peoples of their new African or Asian colonies
In west and east Africa, Europeans used peoples following animistic religions against _________
Muslim communities that existed in most colonies
How did colonial administrators exacerbate existing ethnic differences?
by dividing peoples in each colony into “tribes”
Favored minorities in each colonial area (often Christians) were recruited into ___________
civil service and police
The administration of the African and Asian colonies was carried out at the local level mainly by ____________
African and Asian subordinates
How many of these African and Asian administrative subordinates were Western educated?
not many - most were recruited from indigenous elite groups
In contrast to Java and India, schools in Africa were left to _________
Protestant and Catholic missionaries
_______ was not promoted in Africa
higher education
The discouragement of higher education ____________ of a middle class
stunted
As more Europeans went to the colonies, with whom did they socialize?
Increasingly only themselves
The trend toward social exclusion were reinforced by notions of _________
white racial supremacy
Europeans devised incentives for colonized peoples to _________
expand export production
Head and hut taxes were imposed that could only be paid on _________
ivory, palm nuts, or wages earned working on European estates
How were the economies of most of Africa, India, and southeast Asia reorganized to serve the needs of the industrializing European economies?
Roads and railways were built; mining secotrs grew dramatically
African and Asian laborers who produced products were paid ______
poorly, if at all
Belgian Congo and India: settlers were _______ by colonized peoples
overwhelmingly outnumbered
examples of settler colonies
Canada, US, Argentina, Chile, Australia
Farmers of the initial Dutch colony at Cape Town
Boers
What did the Boers do?
move into the vast interior regions of the conetinent
The Boer farmers enslaved the _________
Khoikhoi and the San (indigenous peoples)
Extensive miscegenation between the Boers and Khoikhoi produced the _______
colored population
Who captured Cape Town during the French Revolution?
British
How did the Boers and the British differ?
British were shaped by industrialization and scientific revolutions. Evangelical missionaries wanted to eradicate slavery
Great Trek
tens of thousands of Boers migrated in covered wagons pulled by oxen
The Great Trek caused Boers to clash with ________
established African states (Bantu peoples)
The British followed Boer pioneers along southern and eastern coasts, eventually establishing a second major outpost at Durban in _____
Natal
Two Boer Republics
Orange Free State, Transvaal
The Boers tried to keep free of ______ influence
British
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur in south America, manipulated politics to gain entry to resources
What caused British entrepreneurs to move into the Orange Free State?
discovery of diamonds
What was discovered in the Transvaal?
gold
What led to the republics’ declaration of war against the British in late 1899?
British efforts to protect miners and financiers and to bring the feisty and independent Boers into line
What was the war called of Boer assaults against British bases in Natal, the Cape Colony, etc.?
Anglo-Boer War
Diseases and peoples of the South Pacific
they had no immunities to the diseases European explorers brought
Living in isolation meant that South Pacific cultures were extremely __________
vulnerable to corrosive effects of outside influences
Hawaii and New Zealand contained some of the largest __________ in the Pacific region
population concentrations
In both cases of Hawaii and New Zealand, the threatened peoples ___________ and found _________
rebounded; enduring solutions to the challenges from overseas
people of New Zealand
Maori
First period of disruption for the Maori
timber merchants and whalers established small settlements on the New Zealand cost
The timer merchants and whaler sin the 1790’s caused a spread of _______
alcholism and prostitution
Maori traded wood and food for _______
European firearms
European firearms upset the existing _________
balance between tribal groups
What ravaged Maori communities in the 1790’s?
diseases
How did the Maori adjust to the imports of foreigners?
Took up farming with European implements, grazed cattle purchased from European traders
The arrival of _________ in the early 1850s plunged the Maori into misery and despair
British farmers and herders in search of land
The Maori built up immunities and learned to use ______________ to defend themselves
European laws and political institutions
Hawaii did not become a colony until ______
US proclaimed annexation in 1898
Hawaii was opened to the West through the voyages of _______
Captain James Cook
Kamehameha
young Hawaiian prince who was convinced that an imitation of Western ways could produce a unified kingdom
__________ won Kamehameha his kingdom
vigorous wars
How did Keopuolani and Liliuokalani advance change?
by insisting that traditional taboos subordinating women should be abandoned
How did the religious missionaries have wide implications?
they insisted women cover their breasts, and the muumuu was inented
Western-imported diseases _________
killed many Hawaiians
Who was brought in to staff the estates as a result of Hawaiian population decline?
Asian workers
How did Westerners exploit the Hawaiian economy?
Whalers created seaport towns; Western settelrs (haoles) experimented with commercial crops
Under a weakened state, planter interests pressed for special _________
treaters with the US to promote sugar exports
Hawaiians were not enslaved, so Americans in Hawaii did not apply the same degree of _________
racism
