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World History > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ were the only societies outside the West to begin a wholesale process of industrialization before the 1960s

A

Russia and Japan

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2
Q

Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to a new concern with ________

A

defense

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3
Q

Conservative intellectuals of Russia supported the move toward ___________

A

renewed isolation

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4
Q

To resist Napoleon’s pressure in the early 1800s, the government introduced ___________

A

some improvements in bureaucratic training

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5
Q

Alexander 1 sponsored the _________

A

Holy Alliance

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6
Q

Holy Alliance

A

Russia, Prussia, and Austria would combine to defend religion & the established order

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7
Q

What caused new tensions in Russia?

A

Defending the status quo with the Holy Alliance

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8
Q

Russia’s ruling elite welcomed Western _________ but censored __________

A

artistic styles; liberal/radical political values

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9
Q

Decembrist uprising

A

a revolt of Western-oriented army officers in 1825 in Russia

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10
Q

During the reign of the tsar Nicholas I, ______ stiffened and ______ expanded

A

repression of political opponents; secret police

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11
Q

Partly because of political repression, Russia largely avoided the wave of ____________

A

revolutions that spread through Europe

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12
Q

Russia turned more conservative while maintaining the tradition of ________

A

territorial expansion

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13
Q

Uprisings in ____ occurred in 1830 and 1831

A

Poland

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14
Q

As the West industrialized, Russia ______

A

did nothing

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15
Q

How did Russian landlords increase exports?

A

tightening labor obligations on their serfs

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16
Q

Crimean War

A

Nicholas I provoked conflict with Ottomans –> Britain + France came directly to the Ottomans’ aid and beat Russia

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17
Q

The Crimean War indicated _____

A

it was time for a change

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18
Q

The first reform was targeted at ____

A

serfdom abolishment

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19
Q

The emancipation of the serfs meant that serfs got _____ of the land and aristocrats got ______

A

most, some

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20
Q

After 1861, Russia was a classic case of a society in the midst of rapid change where ___________

A

reform did not go far enough to satisfy key protest groups

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21
Q

zemstvoes

A

local political counsels

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22
Q

How was the Russian army improved?

A

officer corps improved through merit promotion

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23
Q

In the 1870s, Russia began to create ________

A

an extensive railroad network

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24
Q

_______ connected European Russia with the Pacific

A

trans-Siberian railroad

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25
Q

Under Sergei Witte, the government enacted ___________

A

high tariffs to protect Russian industry

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26
Q

By 1900, approximately half of Russian industry was ______

A

foreign owned

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27
Q

Russia’s world rank was a function more of its __________ than of ________

A

great size and population; mechanization

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28
Q

2 strands of educated Russians clamoring for revolutionary change

A

business/professional people, intelligentsia

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29
Q

Many Russian radicals were ______

A

anarchists

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30
Q

Given the lack of popular support for anarchism, ________ seemed the only way to attack the existing order

A

assassinations/bombings

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31
Q

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)

A

Introduced important innovations in Marxist theory to make it appropriate for Russia

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32
Q

Bolsheviks

A

A group of Russian Marxists

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33
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

Japan became worried about further Russian expansion in northern China

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34
Q

Who won the Russo-Japanese War?

A

the Japanese

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35
Q

unexpected defeat in war unleashed ___________

A

massive protests in the Russian Revolution of 1905

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36
Q

duma

A

national parliament

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37
Q

Stolypin reforms

A

peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls

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38
Q

kulaks

A

aggressive entrepreneurs who began to increase agricultural produciton

39
Q

What happened to the Stolypin reforms?

A

the package came unglued, triggering new strikes

40
Q

taxes during the first half of the 1800s in Japan were based on _______

A

agriculture

41
Q

terakoya

A

commoner schools to teach reading writing, and Confucianism

42
Q

Dutch Studies

A

group of Japanese scholars interested in Western science and technology above Chinese

43
Q

an American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853, won rights for American trade with Japan

A

Matthew Perry

44
Q

Westerners living in Japan would be governed by ________, not by ________

A

their own representatives; Japanese law

45
Q

What did the samurai think of the opening of Japan?

A

Some saw opportunity in chang.

46
Q

The complex shogunate system had depended on __________

A

isolation policy

47
Q

Political crisis in Japan in the 1860s was sparked by _________

A

samurai attacks on foreigners

48
Q

Civil war in Japan broke out in ______

A

1866

49
Q

When _________, many Japanese were shocked out of their traditional reliance on their own superiority

A

samurai defeated a shogunate force

50
Q

In 1868, the crisis in Japan came to an end because of what event?

A

The victorious reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito

51
Q

Mutsuhito’s region was called _____

A

Meiji, or “Enlightened”

52
Q

The Meiji government abolished _________

A

feudalism

53
Q

The daimyo were replaced in 1871 with __________

A

nationally appointed prefects

54
Q

The prefect system was copied from _________

A

French practice

55
Q

The Japanese government did what with samurai officials and for what purpose?

A

Sent them abroad to western Europe and the US to study economic and political institutions and technology

56
Q

What was the basic goal of the “enlightened” samurai?

A

Japan’s domestic development, accompanied by a careful diplomatic policy that would avoid antagonizing the West

57
Q

Between what dates did the Meiji ministers introduce a real social revolution?

A

1873, 1876

58
Q

During the social revolution, the samurai class was ________

A

abolished

59
Q

The tax on agriculture was converted to ________

A

a wider tax, payable in money

60
Q

Although the samurai were compensated by government-backed bonds, may samurai became _____

A

poor

61
Q

In 1877, a final _______ occurred

A

samurai uprising

62
Q

To stop the samurai, the government had introduced an ___________

A

army based on national conscription

63
Q

Politically, many former samurai organized _________

A

political parties

64
Q

The bureaucracy was reorganized in Japan on the basis of ________

A

civil service examinations

65
Q

The Japanese constitution instituted in 1889 ensured _______________

A

rights for the emperor and limited powers for the lower house of the Diet

66
Q

Diet

A

the new parliament in Japan

67
Q

Which Western country provided the political model for Japan?

A

Germany

68
Q

Political power in Japan was afforded to a group of _________ and _________ who influenced the emperor and pulled strings within the parliament

A

wealthy businesspeople; former nobles

69
Q

C/C Russian and Japanese politics

A

Both states were centralized and authoritarian, but Japan had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, whereas Russia defended a more traditional social elite

70
Q

Economically, attention was focused on creating the conditions necessary for __________

A

industrialization

71
Q

_______ and _____ were abolished to create a national market

A

guilds; internal road tariffs

72
Q

New _________ funded growing trade and provided capital for industry

A

government banks

73
Q

________ spread across the country

A

state-built railroads

74
Q

What was one of the key government agencies setting overall economic policy as well as operating specific sectors?

A

Ministry of Industry

75
Q

zaibatsu

A

Huge industrial combines formed as part of the process of industrialization

76
Q

By ______, the Japanese economy was fully launched in an industrial revolution

A

1900

77
Q

Japan still depended on imports of ________________

A

imports of Western equipment and raw materials such as coal for industrial purposes

78
Q

the Industrial Revolution helped generate an ___________ foreign policy

A

aggressive

79
Q

Better nutrition and new medical provisions reduced death rates, resulting in _________

A

population growth

80
Q

Population growth strained ________, but ensured _________

A

resources and stability; constant supply of low-cost labor

81
Q

What was education like in Japan?

A

The government introduced a universal education system, providing primary schools for all

82
Q

What did the Japanese education stress?

A

science and the importance of technical subjects

83
Q

Many Japanese copied _______ as part of the effort to become modern

A

Western fashions

84
Q

Japan saw the West as _______

A

obscene in some ways

85
Q

Which religions in Japan won and lost?

A

Buddhism lost some ground and Shintoism won new interest

86
Q

How did new imperialism relieve strains within Japanese society?

A

it allowed displaced samurai the chance to exercise their military talents elsewhere

87
Q

Sino-Japanese War

A

Japan defeated China

88
Q

Why did the Japanese plan a war with Russia?

A

it was humiliated by Western insistence that it abandon the Liaodong peninsula it had just taken from China

89
Q

A 1902 ___________ was an important sign of Japan’s arrival as an equal nation in the Western-dominated world diplomatic system

A

alliance with Britain

90
Q

Why did Japan win the Russo-Japanese War?

A

superior navy

91
Q

Japan annexed ____ in 1910

A

Korea

92
Q

Many Japanese conservatives resented the _________

A

passion other Japanese displayed for Western fashions

93
Q

Political parties in Japan’s parliament clashed with _______

A

emperor’s minsters over rights to determine policy

94
Q

The underlying theme in intellectual life was __________

A

confusion about a Japan that was no longer traditional, but not Western either

World History (9 decks)

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