Chapter 27 Flashcards
_______ were the only societies outside the West to begin a wholesale process of industrialization before the 1960s
Russia and Japan
Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia led to a new concern with ________
defense
Conservative intellectuals of Russia supported the move toward ___________
renewed isolation
To resist Napoleon’s pressure in the early 1800s, the government introduced ___________
some improvements in bureaucratic training
Alexander 1 sponsored the _________
Holy Alliance
Holy Alliance
Russia, Prussia, and Austria would combine to defend religion & the established order
What caused new tensions in Russia?
Defending the status quo with the Holy Alliance
Russia’s ruling elite welcomed Western _________ but censored __________
artistic styles; liberal/radical political values
Decembrist uprising
a revolt of Western-oriented army officers in 1825 in Russia
During the reign of the tsar Nicholas I, ______ stiffened and ______ expanded
repression of political opponents; secret police
Partly because of political repression, Russia largely avoided the wave of ____________
revolutions that spread through Europe
Russia turned more conservative while maintaining the tradition of ________
territorial expansion
Uprisings in ____ occurred in 1830 and 1831
Poland
As the West industrialized, Russia ______
did nothing
How did Russian landlords increase exports?
tightening labor obligations on their serfs
Crimean War
Nicholas I provoked conflict with Ottomans –> Britain + France came directly to the Ottomans’ aid and beat Russia
The Crimean War indicated _____
it was time for a change
The first reform was targeted at ____
serfdom abolishment
The emancipation of the serfs meant that serfs got _____ of the land and aristocrats got ______
most, some
After 1861, Russia was a classic case of a society in the midst of rapid change where ___________
reform did not go far enough to satisfy key protest groups
zemstvoes
local political counsels
How was the Russian army improved?
officer corps improved through merit promotion
In the 1870s, Russia began to create ________
an extensive railroad network
_______ connected European Russia with the Pacific
trans-Siberian railroad
Under Sergei Witte, the government enacted ___________
high tariffs to protect Russian industry
By 1900, approximately half of Russian industry was ______
foreign owned
Russia’s world rank was a function more of its __________ than of ________
great size and population; mechanization
2 strands of educated Russians clamoring for revolutionary change
business/professional people, intelligentsia
Many Russian radicals were ______
anarchists
Given the lack of popular support for anarchism, ________ seemed the only way to attack the existing order
assassinations/bombings
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)
Introduced important innovations in Marxist theory to make it appropriate for Russia
Bolsheviks
A group of Russian Marxists
Russo-Japanese War
Japan became worried about further Russian expansion in northern China
Who won the Russo-Japanese War?
the Japanese
unexpected defeat in war unleashed ___________
massive protests in the Russian Revolution of 1905
duma
national parliament
Stolypin reforms
peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments and village controls
kulaks
aggressive entrepreneurs who began to increase agricultural produciton
What happened to the Stolypin reforms?
the package came unglued, triggering new strikes
taxes during the first half of the 1800s in Japan were based on _______
agriculture
terakoya
commoner schools to teach reading writing, and Confucianism
Dutch Studies
group of Japanese scholars interested in Western science and technology above Chinese
an American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853, won rights for American trade with Japan
Matthew Perry
Westerners living in Japan would be governed by ________, not by ________
their own representatives; Japanese law
What did the samurai think of the opening of Japan?
Some saw opportunity in chang.
The complex shogunate system had depended on __________
isolation policy
Political crisis in Japan in the 1860s was sparked by _________
samurai attacks on foreigners
Civil war in Japan broke out in ______
1866
When _________, many Japanese were shocked out of their traditional reliance on their own superiority
samurai defeated a shogunate force
In 1868, the crisis in Japan came to an end because of what event?
The victorious reform group proclaimed a new emperor named Mutsuhito
Mutsuhito’s region was called _____
Meiji, or “Enlightened”
The Meiji government abolished _________
feudalism
The daimyo were replaced in 1871 with __________
nationally appointed prefects
The prefect system was copied from _________
French practice
The Japanese government did what with samurai officials and for what purpose?
Sent them abroad to western Europe and the US to study economic and political institutions and technology
What was the basic goal of the “enlightened” samurai?
Japan’s domestic development, accompanied by a careful diplomatic policy that would avoid antagonizing the West
Between what dates did the Meiji ministers introduce a real social revolution?
1873, 1876
During the social revolution, the samurai class was ________
abolished
The tax on agriculture was converted to ________
a wider tax, payable in money
Although the samurai were compensated by government-backed bonds, may samurai became _____
poor
In 1877, a final _______ occurred
samurai uprising
To stop the samurai, the government had introduced an ___________
army based on national conscription
Politically, many former samurai organized _________
political parties
The bureaucracy was reorganized in Japan on the basis of ________
civil service examinations
The Japanese constitution instituted in 1889 ensured _______________
rights for the emperor and limited powers for the lower house of the Diet
Diet
the new parliament in Japan
Which Western country provided the political model for Japan?
Germany
Political power in Japan was afforded to a group of _________ and _________ who influenced the emperor and pulled strings within the parliament
wealthy businesspeople; former nobles
C/C Russian and Japanese politics
Both states were centralized and authoritarian, but Japan had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, whereas Russia defended a more traditional social elite
Economically, attention was focused on creating the conditions necessary for __________
industrialization
_______ and _____ were abolished to create a national market
guilds; internal road tariffs
New _________ funded growing trade and provided capital for industry
government banks
________ spread across the country
state-built railroads
What was one of the key government agencies setting overall economic policy as well as operating specific sectors?
Ministry of Industry
zaibatsu
Huge industrial combines formed as part of the process of industrialization
By ______, the Japanese economy was fully launched in an industrial revolution
1900
Japan still depended on imports of ________________
imports of Western equipment and raw materials such as coal for industrial purposes
the Industrial Revolution helped generate an ___________ foreign policy
aggressive
Better nutrition and new medical provisions reduced death rates, resulting in _________
population growth
Population growth strained ________, but ensured _________
resources and stability; constant supply of low-cost labor
What was education like in Japan?
The government introduced a universal education system, providing primary schools for all
What did the Japanese education stress?
science and the importance of technical subjects
Many Japanese copied _______ as part of the effort to become modern
Western fashions
Japan saw the West as _______
obscene in some ways
Which religions in Japan won and lost?
Buddhism lost some ground and Shintoism won new interest
How did new imperialism relieve strains within Japanese society?
it allowed displaced samurai the chance to exercise their military talents elsewhere
Sino-Japanese War
Japan defeated China
Why did the Japanese plan a war with Russia?
it was humiliated by Western insistence that it abandon the Liaodong peninsula it had just taken from China
A 1902 ___________ was an important sign of Japan’s arrival as an equal nation in the Western-dominated world diplomatic system
alliance with Britain
Why did Japan win the Russo-Japanese War?
superior navy
Japan annexed ____ in 1910
Korea
Many Japanese conservatives resented the _________
passion other Japanese displayed for Western fashions
Political parties in Japan’s parliament clashed with _______
emperor’s minsters over rights to determine policy
The underlying theme in intellectual life was __________
confusion about a Japan that was no longer traditional, but not Western either
