Chapter 26 - Qing Empire Flashcards
Nurhaci
Local leader of the Manchu nomads who created distinctive Manchu banner armies
How many Manchu banner armies were there?
8
Nurhaci’s forces continually harassed the Chinese who lived _________
north of the Great Wall
During the period of Nurhaci’s rule, the Manchu elite’s adoption of ______________ accelerated
Chinese ways
The Manchu bureaucracy
organized along Chinese lines
What gave the Manchus an opportunity to seave control in China?
The weakness of the declining Ming regime
How did the Manchus enter China?
An official asked the Manchus to help put down a widespread rebellion, but found that they were a greater threat inside the wall
the Qing dynasty forced submission from peoples to the _______ and Vietnam and Burma to _____
west; the south
How did the Manchu reconcile the ethnic Chinese who made up their subjects?
They retained the political system of their Ming predecessors
Chinese officials during the Qing dynasty predominated at the __________ levels
regional and local
Manchus made up less than _____ of teh population
2%
Kangxi
A Manchu who was a significant Confucian scholar and emperor
The political system preservation of the Manchus was matched by ______________
an equally conservative approach to Chinese society as a whole
Zhu Xi
his writings, which had been so influential in the preceding dynastic eras, continued to dominate official thinking
The lives of women at all social levels remained centered on _______
the household
Beyond the family, the world _________
pretty much belonged to men
The strongest measures the Manchus took after conquering China were aimed at ___________
alleviating rural distress and unrest
Taxes and state labor demands were ________
lowered
Why did the Manchu regime have little success in controlling the landlord classes?
Increasing population pressure on cultivable acreage
The gap between the _______ grew
rural gentry; ordinary peasants
the _________ that had begun in the Song era gained new strength in the long peace China enjoyed during the first part of Manchu rule
commercial and urban expansion
compradors
Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty who specialized in export-import trade
By the late ______, the Qing was in decline
1700s
By the late 1700s, the ______ had become riddled with cheating
exam system
Despite formal restrictions _______ were often ensured a place in the ever-growing bureaucracy
sons of high officials
What happened in 1711 in relation to the civil exams?
Students who failed the exams at Yangzhou held a public demonstration in protest of bribes
Why was the influx of merchants’ and landlords’ sons into the bureaucracy troubling?
Few of them ad actually received the classical Confucian education that stressed their responsibilities and their obligation to serve the people
The wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of __________
influencing local officials and judges
The diversion of revenue from _______ to ______ devastated Chinese society
state projects; the enrichment of individual families
Why was the most vital of the public works projects the great dikes that confined the Yellow River in northern China?
The dikes were raised above the densely populated farmlands with the constant repair. However, without this, the rampaging waters of the great river destroyed much farmland.
Shandong peninsula
The river flood hundreds of square miles of heavily cultivated farmland. Many peasants died
_______ and _______ prompted mass migrations
food shortages; landlord demands
________ became a major problem in many districts
banditry
What was the assumption then widely held by Chinese thinkers?
that the dynastic cycle would run its course and the Manchus would simply be replaced by a vigorous dynasty
The Manchu rulers and their Chinese administrators treated the Europeans much like ____________
the nomads and other peoples they saw as barbarians
In trade for silks, fine porcelains, and tea, the British had to trade _________
silver bullion
Unhappy about the unequal trade of silver bullion, what did British merchants do?
sell opium
Where was opium grown? Why was this opium, used by British merchants, better?
eastern India; it was more potent
The Chinese realized that opium traffic was ___________
a major threat to their economy and social order
Wealthy Chinese who could afford it squandered China’s wealth to ___________
support their opium habits
Lin Zexu
a distinguished official sent to stamp out the opium trade in the late 1830’s
The British ordered the Chinese to _________ or risk ________
stop anti-opium campaign; military intervention
War broke out in ______
1839
The Chinese were routed first in the Opium Wars on the _____
sea
The Chinese were secondly defeated in their attempts to __________
repel an extraordinary force the British sent ashore
With British warships threatening, the Qing emperor was forced to ________
sue for peace and send Lin into exile
__________ allowed the European powers to force China to open trade
Victories in the Opium War and a second conflict
_________ was established as an additional center of British commerce
Hong Kong
After China’s defeat, ________ poured unchecked into China
opium
By the mid 1800s, China’s foreing trade and customs were overseen by _________
British officials
Defeat and the dislocations in south China brought on by the growing commercial encroachments of the west spawned ________
several rebellions
Taiping Rebellion was led by _______
Hong Xiuquan
Taiping fighters _____________ against the Qing forces
won a series of stunning victories
How did the Taiping Rebellion disintegrate?
With Nanjing established as a capital, the rebel leaders began to fight amongst themselves
Of all the rebellions that threatened to topple the Qing dynasty, the Taiping movement posed the most serious alternative to _________ as a whole
Confucian civilization
The Taipings offered _______, ________, and _________
social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women
Zeng Guofan
a Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping
self-strengthening movement
Late 1800s movement led by provincial leaders to counter challenge from the West
the provincial leaders encouraged investment in __________
railways, factories
Despite their desperate situation, the Manchu rulers ___________
resisted any reforms
Manchu rulers occasionally supported officials who pushed for sociopolitical reform were then met with _________
backlash of members of the imperial household
Cixi
ultraconservative dowager empress who secretly supported the Boxer rebellion
Boxer rebellion
Broke out in 1898 in order to drive out the Western powers; failed
By the ______s, the days of the Manchus were numbered
1900
Resistance tot he Qing came to be centered in rival secret societies such as the _____ and the ________
Triads, Society of Elders and Brothers
Why did all the efforts destroy the dynasty fail?
lack of coordination and sufficient resources
What did those who wanted to get rid of the Manchus envision?
power passing to Western-educated, reformist leaders
Sun Yatsen
Head of Revolutionary Alliance who was briefly elected president
Although they drew heavily on the West for ideas and organizational models, the revolutionaries were _____________
hostile to the involvement of the imperialist powers
The young rebels cut their ______ in defiance of the Manchu order
queues (braided ponytails)
Puyi
the last emperor of China who was deposed while still a small boy
In 1905, the last ___________
civil service exams were given
