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World History > Chapter 26 - Qing Empire > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Qing Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

Nurhaci

A

Local leader of the Manchu nomads who created distinctive Manchu banner armies

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2
Q

How many Manchu banner armies were there?

A

8

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3
Q

Nurhaci’s forces continually harassed the Chinese who lived _________

A

north of the Great Wall

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4
Q

During the period of Nurhaci’s rule, the Manchu elite’s adoption of ______________ accelerated

A

Chinese ways

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5
Q

The Manchu bureaucracy

A

organized along Chinese lines

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6
Q

What gave the Manchus an opportunity to seave control in China?

A

The weakness of the declining Ming regime

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7
Q

How did the Manchus enter China?

A

An official asked the Manchus to help put down a widespread rebellion, but found that they were a greater threat inside the wall

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8
Q

the Qing dynasty forced submission from peoples to the _______ and Vietnam and Burma to _____

A

west; the south

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9
Q

How did the Manchu reconcile the ethnic Chinese who made up their subjects?

A

They retained the political system of their Ming predecessors

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10
Q

Chinese officials during the Qing dynasty predominated at the __________ levels

A

regional and local

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11
Q

Manchus made up less than _____ of teh population

A

2%

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12
Q

Kangxi

A

A Manchu who was a significant Confucian scholar and emperor

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13
Q

The political system preservation of the Manchus was matched by ______________

A

an equally conservative approach to Chinese society as a whole

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14
Q

Zhu Xi

A

his writings, which had been so influential in the preceding dynastic eras, continued to dominate official thinking

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15
Q

The lives of women at all social levels remained centered on _______

A

the household

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16
Q

Beyond the family, the world _________

A

pretty much belonged to men

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17
Q

The strongest measures the Manchus took after conquering China were aimed at ___________

A

alleviating rural distress and unrest

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18
Q

Taxes and state labor demands were ________

A

lowered

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19
Q

Why did the Manchu regime have little success in controlling the landlord classes?

A

Increasing population pressure on cultivable acreage

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20
Q

The gap between the _______ grew

A

rural gentry; ordinary peasants

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21
Q

the _________ that had begun in the Song era gained new strength in the long peace China enjoyed during the first part of Manchu rule

A

commercial and urban expansion

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22
Q

compradors

A

Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty who specialized in export-import trade

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23
Q

By the late ______, the Qing was in decline

A

1700s

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24
Q

By the late 1700s, the ______ had become riddled with cheating

A

exam system

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25
Q

Despite formal restrictions _______ were often ensured a place in the ever-growing bureaucracy

A

sons of high officials

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26
Q

What happened in 1711 in relation to the civil exams?

A

Students who failed the exams at Yangzhou held a public demonstration in protest of bribes

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27
Q

Why was the influx of merchants’ and landlords’ sons into the bureaucracy troubling?

A

Few of them ad actually received the classical Confucian education that stressed their responsibilities and their obligation to serve the people

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28
Q

The wealthy saw positions in the bureaucracy as a means of __________

A

influencing local officials and judges

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29
Q

The diversion of revenue from _______ to ______ devastated Chinese society

A

state projects; the enrichment of individual families

30
Q

Why was the most vital of the public works projects the great dikes that confined the Yellow River in northern China?

A

The dikes were raised above the densely populated farmlands with the constant repair. However, without this, the rampaging waters of the great river destroyed much farmland.

31
Q

Shandong peninsula

A

The river flood hundreds of square miles of heavily cultivated farmland. Many peasants died

32
Q

_______ and _______ prompted mass migrations

A

food shortages; landlord demands

33
Q

________ became a major problem in many districts

A

banditry

34
Q

What was the assumption then widely held by Chinese thinkers?

A

that the dynastic cycle would run its course and the Manchus would simply be replaced by a vigorous dynasty

35
Q

The Manchu rulers and their Chinese administrators treated the Europeans much like ____________

A

the nomads and other peoples they saw as barbarians

36
Q

In trade for silks, fine porcelains, and tea, the British had to trade _________

A

silver bullion

37
Q

Unhappy about the unequal trade of silver bullion, what did British merchants do?

A

sell opium

38
Q

Where was opium grown? Why was this opium, used by British merchants, better?

A

eastern India; it was more potent

39
Q

The Chinese realized that opium traffic was ___________

A

a major threat to their economy and social order

40
Q

Wealthy Chinese who could afford it squandered China’s wealth to ___________

A

support their opium habits

41
Q

Lin Zexu

A

a distinguished official sent to stamp out the opium trade in the late 1830’s

42
Q

The British ordered the Chinese to _________ or risk ________

A

stop anti-opium campaign; military intervention

43
Q

War broke out in ______

A

1839

44
Q

The Chinese were routed first in the Opium Wars on the _____

A

sea

45
Q

The Chinese were secondly defeated in their attempts to __________

A

repel an extraordinary force the British sent ashore

46
Q

With British warships threatening, the Qing emperor was forced to ________

A

sue for peace and send Lin into exile

47
Q

__________ allowed the European powers to force China to open trade

A

Victories in the Opium War and a second conflict

48
Q

_________ was established as an additional center of British commerce

A

Hong Kong

49
Q

After China’s defeat, ________ poured unchecked into China

A

opium

50
Q

By the mid 1800s, China’s foreing trade and customs were overseen by _________

A

British officials

51
Q

Defeat and the dislocations in south China brought on by the growing commercial encroachments of the west spawned ________

A

several rebellions

52
Q

Taiping Rebellion was led by _______

A

Hong Xiuquan

53
Q

Taiping fighters _____________ against the Qing forces

A

won a series of stunning victories

54
Q

How did the Taiping Rebellion disintegrate?

A

With Nanjing established as a capital, the rebel leaders began to fight amongst themselves

55
Q

Of all the rebellions that threatened to topple the Qing dynasty, the Taiping movement posed the most serious alternative to _________ as a whole

A

Confucian civilization

56
Q

The Taipings offered _______, ________, and _________

A

social reform, land redistribution, liberation of women

57
Q

Zeng Guofan

A

a Qing official who raised effective military forces against the Taiping

58
Q

self-strengthening movement

A

Late 1800s movement led by provincial leaders to counter challenge from the West

59
Q

the provincial leaders encouraged investment in __________

A

railways, factories

60
Q

Despite their desperate situation, the Manchu rulers ___________

A

resisted any reforms

61
Q

Manchu rulers occasionally supported officials who pushed for sociopolitical reform were then met with _________

A

backlash of members of the imperial household

62
Q

Cixi

A

ultraconservative dowager empress who secretly supported the Boxer rebellion

63
Q

Boxer rebellion

A

Broke out in 1898 in order to drive out the Western powers; failed

64
Q

By the ______s, the days of the Manchus were numbered

A

1900

65
Q

Resistance tot he Qing came to be centered in rival secret societies such as the _____ and the ________

A

Triads, Society of Elders and Brothers

66
Q

Why did all the efforts destroy the dynasty fail?

A

lack of coordination and sufficient resources

67
Q

What did those who wanted to get rid of the Manchus envision?

A

power passing to Western-educated, reformist leaders

68
Q

Sun Yatsen

A

Head of Revolutionary Alliance who was briefly elected president

69
Q

Although they drew heavily on the West for ideas and organizational models, the revolutionaries were _____________

A

hostile to the involvement of the imperialist powers

70
Q

The young rebels cut their ______ in defiance of the Manchu order

A

queues (braided ponytails)

71
Q

Puyi

A

the last emperor of China who was deposed while still a small boy

72
Q

In 1905, the last ___________

A

civil service exams were given

World History (9 decks)

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