Chapter 25 - The Consolidation of Latin America Flashcards
Creoles
American-born whites
Latin American political independence was achieved as part of the general Atlantic revolution of the late ________ and early _______
1700s, 1800s
Four external events having a strong impact on political thought in Latin America
1.) American Revolution. 2.) French Revolution of 1789. 3.) Slave rebellion by Toussaint L’Overture. 4.)Iberian political situation caused by the French Revolution and its aftermath.
Who rose to power happened after France invaded Portugal and Spain?
a junta central ruled in the Spanish king’s name in opposition to Napoleon’s brother
What did local elites do by 1810 about the confused ruler situation?
pretending to be loyal to king Federinand set up juntas to rule in his name, but ruled on their behalf
3 major theaters of Spanish American independence struggles
Mexico, northern South America, southern South America
priest Father Miguel de Hidalgo
a plotter of a conspiracy among the leading Creoles
Who did Hidalgo call upon for help?
American Indians and mestizos of his region
Hidalgo won a number of early victories and then __________
lost the support of the Creoles
Why did the Creoles stop supporting Hidalgo?
they feared social rebellion more than they desired independence
What happened to Hidalgo?
captured and executed
After 1820, when events in Spain weakened the king and central government, conservative Creoles in Mexico were willing to _________
move towards independence
Augistín de Iturbide
a Creole officer at the head of an army that had been sent to eliminate the insurgents drew up an agreement with them instead
Iturbide was proclaimed _______ of Mexico
emperor
The new nation of Mexico was politically considered a _______
monarchy
Central America was briefly attached to the _________
Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire collapsed in _____
1824
In South America, _________ were among the first to opt for independence, while _______ was among the last to break withSpain, and __________ remained loyal until the end of the 18th century
formerly secondary areas like Argentina and Venezuela; the old colonial center in Peru and Bolivia; Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico
In northern South America, a movement for independence centered in ______ had begun in ______
Caracas; 1810
Simon Bolivar
a wealthy Crole officer who emerged as the leader of the revolt against Spain
Between 1817 and 1822 Bolivar won a series of victories in ____, ____, and _____
Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador
Name the countries united in Gran Colombia and when it fell apart
Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; 1830
After the breakup of Gran Colombia, Bolivar became _______ and fearful of ______
disillusioned; anarchy
Bolivar rejected all attempts to __________
crown him as king
Jose de San Martin
a leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America
The movement under Jose de San Martin coalesced in ________
Rio de la Plata
Buenos Aires had become a _________ in the late 1700s
commercial center
portenos
residents of Bueons Aires who resented Spanish trade restrictions
In 1810, the portenos opted for ________
autonomy
The upper class of Peru was ________
deeply conservative
Battle of Ayacucho in 1824
royalist forces were defeated by San Martin’s forces, wining Creole support
By 1825, all of ________ had gained its political independence
Spanish South America
Although Brazilian planters, merchants, and miners sometimes longed for more open trade and fewer taxes, they feared that any upsetting of the political system might lead to a __________
social revolution
When 1807 French troops invaded Portugal, the whole Portuguese family and court fled the country and ______
fled to Brazil
_______ became the capital of the Portuguese Empire
Rio de Janeiro
Joao VI
Portuguese king
What happened in 1820 in Brazil?
Napoleon was defeated
What did Joao VI do when he left Brazil?
he left his young son Pedro as regent
What did Joao VI tell his son Pedro?
if independence had to come, he should lead the movement
Dom Pedro I
constitutional emperor of Brazil
Brazil’s independence did not upset _________ or radically change ________
social organization based on slavery; political structure
All former Spanish American colonies became ________
republics
