Chapter 25 - The Consolidation of Latin America

Question 1

Creoles

Answer 1

American-born whites

Question 2

Latin American political independence was achieved as part of the general Atlantic revolution of the late ________ and early _______

Answer 2

1700s, 1800s

Question 3

Four external events having a strong impact on political thought in Latin America

Answer 3

1.) American Revolution. 2.) French Revolution of 1789. 3.) Slave rebellion by Toussaint L’Overture. 4.)Iberian political situation caused by the French Revolution and its aftermath.

Question 4

Who rose to power happened after France invaded Portugal and Spain?

Answer 4

a junta central ruled in the Spanish king’s name in opposition to Napoleon’s brother

Question 5

What did local elites do by 1810 about the confused ruler situation?

Answer 5

pretending to be loyal to king Federinand set up juntas to rule in his name, but ruled on their behalf

Question 6

3 major theaters of Spanish American independence struggles

Answer 6

Mexico, northern South America, southern South America

Question 7

priest Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Answer 7

a plotter of a conspiracy among the leading Creoles

Question 8

Who did Hidalgo call upon for help?

Answer 8

American Indians and mestizos of his region

Question 9

Hidalgo won a number of early victories and then __________

Answer 9

lost the support of the Creoles

Question 10

Why did the Creoles stop supporting Hidalgo?

Answer 10

they feared social rebellion more than they desired independence

Question 11

What happened to Hidalgo?

Answer 11

captured and executed

Question 12

After 1820, when events in Spain weakened the king and central government, conservative Creoles in Mexico were willing to _________

Answer 12

move towards independence

Question 13

Augistín de Iturbide

Answer 13

a Creole officer at the head of an army that had been sent to eliminate the insurgents drew up an agreement with them instead

Question 14

Iturbide was proclaimed _______ of Mexico

Answer 14

emperor

Question 15

The new nation of Mexico was politically considered a _______

Answer 15

monarchy

Question 16

Central America was briefly attached to the _________

Answer 16

Mexican Empire

Question 17

The Mexican Empire collapsed in _____

Answer 17

1824

Question 18

In South America, _________ were among the first to opt for independence, while _______ was among the last to break withSpain, and __________ remained loyal until the end of the 18th century

Answer 18

formerly secondary areas like Argentina and Venezuela; the old colonial center in Peru and Bolivia; Caribbean islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico

Question 19

In northern South America, a movement for independence centered in ______ had begun in ______

Answer 19

Caracas; 1810

Question 20

Simon Bolivar

Answer 20

a wealthy Crole officer who emerged as the leader of the revolt against Spain

Question 21

Between 1817 and 1822 Bolivar won a series of victories in ____, ____, and _____

Answer 21

Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador

Question 22

Name the countries united in Gran Colombia and when it fell apart

Answer 22

Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; 1830

Question 23

After the breakup of Gran Colombia, Bolivar became _______ and fearful of ______

Answer 23

disillusioned; anarchy

Question 24

Bolivar rejected all attempts to __________

Answer 24

crown him as king

Question 25

Jose de San Martin

Answer 25

a leader of the struggle for independence in southern South America

Question 26

The movement under Jose de San Martin coalesced in ________

Answer 26

Rio de la Plata

Question 27

Buenos Aires had become a _________ in the late 1700s

Answer 27

commercial center

Question 28

portenos

Answer 28

residents of Bueons Aires who resented Spanish trade restrictions

Question 29

In 1810, the portenos opted for ________

Answer 29

autonomy

Question 30

The upper class of Peru was ________

Answer 30

deeply conservative

Question 31

Battle of Ayacucho in 1824

Answer 31

royalist forces were defeated by San Martin’s forces, wining Creole support

Question 32

By 1825, all of ________ had gained its political independence

Answer 32

Spanish South America

Question 33

Although Brazilian planters, merchants, and miners sometimes longed for more open trade and fewer taxes, they feared that any upsetting of the political system might lead to a __________

Answer 33

social revolution

Question 34

When 1807 French troops invaded Portugal, the whole Portuguese family and court fled the country and ______

Answer 34

fled to Brazil

Question 35

_______ became the capital of the Portuguese Empire

Answer 35

Rio de Janeiro

Question 36

Joao VI

Answer 36

Portuguese king

Question 37

What happened in 1820 in Brazil?

Answer 37

Napoleon was defeated

Question 38

What did Joao VI do when he left Brazil?

Answer 38

he left his young son Pedro as regent

Question 39

What did Joao VI tell his son Pedro?

Answer 39

if independence had to come, he should lead the movement

Question 40

Dom Pedro I

Answer 40

constitutional emperor of Brazil

Question 41

Brazil’s independence did not upset _________ or radically change ________

Answer 41

social organization based on slavery; political structure

Question 42

All former Spanish American colonies became ________

Answer 42

republics