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World History > Chapter 26 - Ottoman/Islamic Middle East during Industrial Era > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Ottoman/Islamic Middle East during Industrial Era Flashcards

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1
Q

In part, the Ottoman crisis was brought on by a ________________ within a political and social order that was centered on the ___________

A

succession of weak rulers; sultan

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2
Q

Inactive or inept sultans opened the way for ___________

A

power struggles between ministers, religious experts, and commanders of Janissaries corps

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3
Q

Competition between elite factions _________ effective leadership

A

eroded

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4
Q

Ayan

A

local land-owning classes

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5
Q

How was the sultan cheated of a good portion of taxes?

A

Provincial officials colluding with the ayan

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6
Q

Why did the position of artisan workers in towns deteriorate?

A

competition from imported manufactures from Europe

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7
Q

What did the deterioration of the artisan workers lead to?

A

urban riots

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8
Q

____________ became more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts

A

Merchants (especially Jews and Christians)

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9
Q

In early 1700s, the _________ was the main beneficiary of Ottoman decadence

A

Austrian Habsburg dynasty

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10
Q

In the late 1700s, the _________ became the main threat to the Ottomans’ survival

A

Russian Empire

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11
Q

As Russians took Ottoman lands, the subject ____________ grew more and more restive under Ottoman rule

A

subject Christian peoples of the Balkans

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12
Q

By 1830 the Greeks had _______________

A

regained their independence from the Ottomans

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13
Q

In 1867 _____ had also gained freedom

A

Serbia

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14
Q

After the 1870’s, Istanbul was threatened by ________ armies or those of the newly formed ____________

A

Russian; Balkan states

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15
Q

How was Ottoman survival related to Europe?

A

European balance of power prevented any one from conquering Ottomans

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16
Q

Ultimately, Ottomans’ survival depended on _________

A

reforms from within

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17
Q

Ottoman reform was initiated by ________ and ________

A

sultans; their advisors

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18
Q

Ottoman reform was carried out in the _____

A

1800s

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19
Q

At each stage, reform initiatives __________ within ruling elite

A

increased tensions

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20
Q

Sultan Selim III

A

reforms aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building new army and navy

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21
Q

Selim was toppled by ______

A

a Janissary revolt

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22
Q

Mahmud II succeeded. True or false?

A

True

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23
Q

How did Mahmud succeed?

A

He secretly built a professional army, which easily cut down the Janissaries.

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24
Q

How did Mahmud pattern his reform?

A

On Western precedents, as opposed to the ulama Islamic strengthening

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25
Q

Tanzimat reforms

A

established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, legal reforms, constitution

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26
Q

Which groups were adversely affected by the reforms?

A

artisans

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27
Q

Which social group did not gain anything from the reforms?

A

women

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28
Q

Western-educated bureaucrats, military officers, and professionals saw the sultanate as __________

A

a major barrier to even more radical reforms and the full transformation of society

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29
Q

the new elites clashed with _________

A

conservative but powerful groups, such as ulama and ayan

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30
Q

Abdul Hamid

A

sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism

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31
Q

Abdul Hamid nullified the _____

A

constitution

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32
Q

How did Abdul still exhibit westernization?

A

Military (European techniques), railways, telegraph lines, educational systems

33
Q

Abdul Hamid was stopped in the ________

A

bloodless coup of 1908

34
Q

Resistance to Hamid’s authoritarian rule led intellectuals to found the ____________

A

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

35
Q

Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress were known as _____

A

the Young Turks

36
Q

After the coup, the sultan was _________

A

retained as a political figurehead and the highest religious authority in Islam

37
Q

The officers that took power soon _______

A

became embroiled in factional fights that took up much of the limited time remaining before World War I

38
Q

The officers’ hold on power was shaken when ___________

A

they lost a new round of wars in the Balkans

39
Q

Arabs thought that the coup would bring about the __________

A

end of the domination by the Turks

40
Q

By the early 1800s, the _________ of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, coastal Arabia, and north Africa had lived for centuries under Ottoman-Turkish rule

A

Arab peoples

41
Q

Although Arabs resented Turkish domination, how did they identify with Ottomans?

A

As fellow Muslims

42
Q

________ engendered a sense of crises among the Islamic faithful in the Middle Eastern heartlands

A

European capture of Islamic states from those in the Indonesian archipelago and India to Algeria

43
Q

__________ in 1798 first sent shock waves across the independent Muslim world

A

Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt

44
Q

Mamluk means _____

A

slave

45
Q

Mamluks begun as _______

A

slaves who served Muslim overlords

46
Q

Murad

A

head of the coalition of Mamluk households that shared power in Egypt

47
Q

Why was Napoleon forced to abandon his army?

A

British sunk the French fleet

48
Q

Muhammad Ali

A

young officer of Albanian origins who emerged as the effective ruler of Egypt

49
Q

What did Muhammad Ali devote his resources to?

A

building an up-to-date European-style military force

50
Q

Muhammad Ali successfully invaded _____ and threatened ______ on a number of occasions

A

Syria; Istanbul

51
Q

Why was it difficult for Egyptians to create an industrial sector?

A

Competition and opposition of European powers

52
Q

khedives

A

formal rulers of Egypt until overthrown by military coup

53
Q

________ went hungry while ______ grew fat after Muhammad Ali

A

peasantry; landlord class

54
Q

Expansion of cotton production rendered Egypt _______

A

dependent on a single export

55
Q

Revenue that the khedives managed to collect was ________

A

wasted on elites connected tot he palace

56
Q

What did the khedives’ inability to balance their books lead to?

A

debt to European financiers

57
Q

First motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt

A

access to cheap cotton

58
Q

By 1850’s, second motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt

A

Suez Canal

59
Q

Suez Canal connects ______ and _____

A

Mediterranean, Red Seas

60
Q

controlling the Suez Canal became one of the ____________ of their wartime operations

A

key objectives

61
Q

The ineptitude of the khedival regime and the Ottoman sultans led to _______

A

discussion among Muslim intellectuals as to warding off the Europeans

62
Q

______ became the meeting place of the intellectuals to discuss the khedival regime

A

Egypt

63
Q

Some scholars argued that the Muslim world could be saved by ________

A

a return to religious observance and social interaction

64
Q

What did Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abudh believe?

A

that the Muslims needed to borrow science from the West and continue innovation

65
Q

Ahmad Arabi

A

Egyptian officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance, forcing Khedival regime to call in British forces for support

66
Q

British intervention began dominance through _________

A

puppet khedives

67
Q

British officials controlled Egypt’s ______

A

finances and foreign affairs

68
Q

Egyptian efforts to conquer and rule the Sudan were ______

A

fiercely resisted

69
Q

The sedentary people working the land along the river were ______

A

easily dominated

70
Q

Egyptian authority was concentrated in ____________, such as Khartoum

A

river towns

71
Q

Why was Egyptian rule greatly resented?

A

Notoriously corrupt, and taxes placed heavy burden on peasants

72
Q

Egyptians attempted in the 1970s to eradicate the ______

A

slave trade

73
Q

Muhammad Ahmed

A

launched revolt to purge Islam of Egyptian and British infidels

74
Q

Mahdi

A

in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer (muhammad Ahmed)

75
Q

At the peak of his power, the Mahdi __________

A

fell ill with typhus and died

76
Q

Khalifa Abdallahi

A

Muhammad Ahmed’s capable successor

77
Q

Fall of 1896

A

General Kitchener destroyed the Mahdist forces with artillery

78
Q

Battle of Omdurman

A

thousands of Mahdist cavalry slaughtered

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