Chapter 26 - Ottoman/Islamic Middle East during Industrial Era Flashcards
In part, the Ottoman crisis was brought on by a ________________ within a political and social order that was centered on the ___________
succession of weak rulers; sultan
Inactive or inept sultans opened the way for ___________
power struggles between ministers, religious experts, and commanders of Janissaries corps
Competition between elite factions _________ effective leadership
eroded
Ayan
local land-owning classes
How was the sultan cheated of a good portion of taxes?
Provincial officials colluding with the ayan
Why did the position of artisan workers in towns deteriorate?
competition from imported manufactures from Europe
What did the deterioration of the artisan workers lead to?
urban riots
____________ became more dependent on commercial dealings with European counterparts
Merchants (especially Jews and Christians)
In early 1700s, the _________ was the main beneficiary of Ottoman decadence
Austrian Habsburg dynasty
In the late 1700s, the _________ became the main threat to the Ottomans’ survival
Russian Empire
As Russians took Ottoman lands, the subject ____________ grew more and more restive under Ottoman rule
subject Christian peoples of the Balkans
By 1830 the Greeks had _______________
regained their independence from the Ottomans
In 1867 _____ had also gained freedom
Serbia
After the 1870’s, Istanbul was threatened by ________ armies or those of the newly formed ____________
Russian; Balkan states
How was Ottoman survival related to Europe?
European balance of power prevented any one from conquering Ottomans
Ultimately, Ottomans’ survival depended on _________
reforms from within
Ottoman reform was initiated by ________ and ________
sultans; their advisors
Ottoman reform was carried out in the _____
1800s
At each stage, reform initiatives __________ within ruling elite
increased tensions
Sultan Selim III
reforms aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building new army and navy
Selim was toppled by ______
a Janissary revolt
Mahmud II succeeded. True or false?
True
How did Mahmud succeed?
He secretly built a professional army, which easily cut down the Janissaries.
How did Mahmud pattern his reform?
On Western precedents, as opposed to the ulama Islamic strengthening
Tanzimat reforms
established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, legal reforms, constitution
Which groups were adversely affected by the reforms?
artisans
Which social group did not gain anything from the reforms?
women
Western-educated bureaucrats, military officers, and professionals saw the sultanate as __________
a major barrier to even more radical reforms and the full transformation of society
the new elites clashed with _________
conservative but powerful groups, such as ulama and ayan
Abdul Hamid
sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism
Abdul Hamid nullified the _____
constitution
How did Abdul still exhibit westernization?
Military (European techniques), railways, telegraph lines, educational systems
Abdul Hamid was stopped in the ________
bloodless coup of 1908
Resistance to Hamid’s authoritarian rule led intellectuals to found the ____________
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress were known as _____
the Young Turks
After the coup, the sultan was _________
retained as a political figurehead and the highest religious authority in Islam
The officers that took power soon _______
became embroiled in factional fights that took up much of the limited time remaining before World War I
The officers’ hold on power was shaken when ___________
they lost a new round of wars in the Balkans
Arabs thought that the coup would bring about the __________
end of the domination by the Turks
By the early 1800s, the _________ of the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, coastal Arabia, and north Africa had lived for centuries under Ottoman-Turkish rule
Arab peoples
Although Arabs resented Turkish domination, how did they identify with Ottomans?
As fellow Muslims
________ engendered a sense of crises among the Islamic faithful in the Middle Eastern heartlands
European capture of Islamic states from those in the Indonesian archipelago and India to Algeria
__________ in 1798 first sent shock waves across the independent Muslim world
Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt
Mamluk means _____
slave
Mamluks begun as _______
slaves who served Muslim overlords
Murad
head of the coalition of Mamluk households that shared power in Egypt
Why was Napoleon forced to abandon his army?
British sunk the French fleet
Muhammad Ali
young officer of Albanian origins who emerged as the effective ruler of Egypt
What did Muhammad Ali devote his resources to?
building an up-to-date European-style military force
Muhammad Ali successfully invaded _____ and threatened ______ on a number of occasions
Syria; Istanbul
Why was it difficult for Egyptians to create an industrial sector?
Competition and opposition of European powers
khedives
formal rulers of Egypt until overthrown by military coup
________ went hungry while ______ grew fat after Muhammad Ali
peasantry; landlord class
Expansion of cotton production rendered Egypt _______
dependent on a single export
Revenue that the khedives managed to collect was ________
wasted on elites connected tot he palace
What did the khedives’ inability to balance their books lead to?
debt to European financiers
First motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt
access to cheap cotton
By 1850’s, second motive of Europeans to lend to Egypt
Suez Canal
Suez Canal connects ______ and _____
Mediterranean, Red Seas
controlling the Suez Canal became one of the ____________ of their wartime operations
key objectives
The ineptitude of the khedival regime and the Ottoman sultans led to _______
discussion among Muslim intellectuals as to warding off the Europeans
______ became the meeting place of the intellectuals to discuss the khedival regime
Egypt
Some scholars argued that the Muslim world could be saved by ________
a return to religious observance and social interaction
What did Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abudh believe?
that the Muslims needed to borrow science from the West and continue innovation
Ahmad Arabi
Egyptian officer who led a revolt against Turkic dominance, forcing Khedival regime to call in British forces for support
British intervention began dominance through _________
puppet khedives
British officials controlled Egypt’s ______
finances and foreign affairs
Egyptian efforts to conquer and rule the Sudan were ______
fiercely resisted
The sedentary people working the land along the river were ______
easily dominated
Egyptian authority was concentrated in ____________, such as Khartoum
river towns
Why was Egyptian rule greatly resented?
Notoriously corrupt, and taxes placed heavy burden on peasants
Egyptians attempted in the 1970s to eradicate the ______
slave trade
Muhammad Ahmed
launched revolt to purge Islam of Egyptian and British infidels
Mahdi
in Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer (muhammad Ahmed)
At the peak of his power, the Mahdi __________
fell ill with typhus and died
Khalifa Abdallahi
Muhammad Ahmed’s capable successor
Fall of 1896
General Kitchener destroyed the Mahdist forces with artillery
Battle of Omdurman
thousands of Mahdist cavalry slaughtered
