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AP Psychology > Unit 4 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

The fertilized egg; it enters into a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

A

Zygote

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1
Q

A branch of psychology that studies physical cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan

A

Developmental psychology

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2
Q

The developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month

A

Embryo

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3
Q

The developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth

A

Fetus

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4
Q

Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

A

Teratogens

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5
Q

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. in severe cases signs include a small out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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6
Q

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner

A

Habituation

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7
Q

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior relatively uninfluenced by experience.

A

Maturation

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8
Q

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

A

Cognition

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9
Q

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

A

Schema

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10
Q

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

Assimilation

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11
Q

In developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

A

Accommodation

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12
Q

The stage from birth to about two years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

Sensorimotor stage

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13
Q

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

Object permanence

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14
Q

The stage from about two to about six or seven years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

Preoperational stage

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15
Q

The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

A

Conservation

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16
Q

The preoperational child’s difficulty of taking another’s point of view

A

Egocentrism

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17
Q

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings,perceptions, and thoughts and behaviors these might predict

A

Theory of mind

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18
Q

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

A

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

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19
Q

The stage of cognitive development from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

Concrete operational stage

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20
Q

The stage of cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

Formal operational stage

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21
Q

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about eight months of age

A

Stranger anxiety

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22
Q

An emotional tie with another person; shows in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

A

Attachment

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23
Q

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

A

Critical period

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24
Q

The process by which certain animals form strong attachment during an early life critical period

A

Imprinting

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25
Q

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

A

Temperament

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26
Q

A sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

A

Basic trust

27
Q

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am I?”

A

Self concept

28
Q

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

A

Gender

29
Q

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

A

Aggression

30
Q

A set of expected behaviors for males or females

A

Gender role

31
Q

A set of expectations(norms) about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

Role

32
Q

Our sense of being male or female

A

Gender identity

33
Q

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

Social learning theory

34
Q

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

Gender typing

35
Q

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expressions differs from that associated with their birth sex

A

Transgender

36
Q

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

Adolescence

37
Q

Our sense of self; according to Erikson the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

A

Identity

38
Q

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” that comes from our group memberships

A

Social identity

39
Q

The ability to form close loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

A

Intimacy

40
Q

For some people in modern cultures a period from the late teens to mid 20s, bridges the gap between adolescent dependence and full independent and responsible adulthood

A

Emerging adulthood

41
Q

The sex chromosome found in both men and women females have 2 of these and males have one. One of these from each parent produces a female child

A

X chromosome

42
Q

The sex chromosome found only in ; when paired with an X chromosome from the mother it produces a male child

A

Y chromosome

43
Q

The most important of the male sex hormones; both males and females have it but the additional amount of this in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

Testosterone

44
Q

The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

Puberty

45
Q

The body structures (ovaries, testes,and externals genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

Primary sex characteristics

46
Q

Non-reproductive sexual traits such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

Secondary sex characteristics

47
Q

The first menstrual period

A

Menarche

48
Q

A life-threatening sexually-transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) this depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

A

AIDS (acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

49
Q

And enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex, the other sex,or both sexes

A

Sexual orientation

50
Q

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

Menopause

51
Q

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

A

Cross-sectional study

52
Q

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

A

Longitudinal study

53
Q

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

A

Social clock

54
Q

Studied children’s cognitive development all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

A

Jean Piaget

55
Q

Studied how children think and learn. emphasized how a child’s mind grows through interaction with the social environment

A

Lev Vygotsky

56
Q

Explored the rigid attachment process called imprinting

A

Konrad Lorenz

57
Q

An American psychologist who provided a new understanding of human nature and development through studies of social behavior of monkeys

A

Harry Harlow

58
Q

An American psychologist who low-bred monkeys for their learning studies

A

Margaret Harlow

59
Q

Designed the strange situation experiment; she observed mother-infant pairs at home during the first six months

A

Mary Ainsworth

60
Q

Psychologist who developed the theory that there are four main types of parenting styles that accounted for the way children function socially emotionally and cognitively

A

Diana Baumrind

61
Q

Believed females tend to differ from males both in being less concerned with viewing themselves separate individuals and being more concerned with “making connections”

A

Carol Gilligan

62
Q

Believed that humans are active information processors and think about the relationship between there behavior and its consequences

A

Albert Bandura

63
Q

Sought to describe the development of moral reasoning, the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

A

Lawrence Kohlberg

64
Q

A theorist who contended that each stage of life has its own psychological task, a crisis that needs resolution

A

Erik Erikson

65
Q

Founder of psychoanalysis;a new approach to understanding human personality

A

Sigmund Freud

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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