Unit 1 Part B Vocabulary Flashcards
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions rather it examines assumptions assesses the source discerns hidden values evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions.
Critical thinking
Tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. (I knew it all along phenomenon)
Hind sight bias
Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predict behaviors or events
Theory
A testable prediction often implied by theory.
Hypothesis
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. for example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
Operational definition
Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
Replication
A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
Technique for searching the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group
Survey
All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn
Population
A sample that fairly represents a population because member has an equal chance of inclusion
Random sample
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Naturalistic observation
Measure of the extent to which two variables change together and thus of how well either variable predicts the other
Correlation
A statistical index of the relationship between two variables
Correlation coefficient
A graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables.
Scatter plot
The perception of a relationship where none exists
Illusory correlation
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Experiment
Assignment participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups
Random assignment
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
Double-blind procedure
Experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which the recipient assumes in an active agent
Placebo effect
Experiment the group exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable
Experimental group
In an experiment the group not exposed to the treatment contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Control group
Experimental factor that is manipulated the variable whose effect is being studied
Independent variable
A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Confounding variable
The outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Dependant variable
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution
Mode
The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores
Mean
The middle score in a distribution have to scores are above it in half are below it
Median
Difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Range
A symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data
Normal curve
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Statistical significance
