Unit 10 Part B Vocabulary

Question 1

A mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people

Answer 1

Concept

Question 2

A mental image or best example of a category matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories

Answer 2

Prototype

Question 3

The abilityto produce novel and valuable ideas

Answer 3

Creativity

Question 4

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Answer 4

Convergent thinking

Question 5

Expands the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Answer 5

Divergent thinking

Question 6

A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrast with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics

Answer 6

Algorithm

Question 7

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

Answer 7

Heuristic

Question 8

A sudden realization that a problem solution contrasts with the strategy based solutions

Answer 8

Insight

Question 9

I tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 9

Confirmation bias

Question 10

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past

Answer 10

Mental set

Question 11

An effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning

Answer 11

Intuition

Question 12

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to present or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant information

Answer 12

Representativeness heuristic

Question 13

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind perhaps because of their visiting us a present such events are common

Answer 13

Availability heuristic

Question 14

The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Answer 14

Overconfidence

Question 15

Clinging to one’s initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Answer 15

Believe perseverance

Question 16

The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Answer 16

Framing

Question 17

Our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning

Answer 17

Language

Question 18

In a language the smallest distinctive sound unit

Answer 18

Phoneme

Question 19

In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of the word such as a prefix

Answer 19

Morpheme

Question 20

In a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others in a given language. semantics is a set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is a set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

Answer 20

Grammar

Question 21

Beginning at about four months the stage of speech development which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Answer 21

Babbling stage

Question 22

The stage in speech development from about 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Answer 22

One-word stage

Question 23

Beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements

Answer 23

Two word stage

Question 24

Stage in which a child speaks like a telegram “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs

Answer 24

Telegraphic speech

Question 25

Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca’s area impairing speaking, or to wernicke’s area impairing understanding

Answer 25

Aphasia

Question 26

Controls language expression. an area of the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Answer 26

Broca’s area

Question 27

Controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe

Answer 27

Wernicke’s area

Question 28

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Answer 28

Linguistic determinism

Question 29

All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

Answer 29

Cognition