Unit 10 Part B Vocabulary Flashcards
A mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people
Concept
A mental image or best example of a category matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
Prototype
The abilityto produce novel and valuable ideas
Creativity
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
Convergent thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions creative thinking that diverges in different directions
Divergent thinking
A methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem contrast with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics
Algorithm
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Heuristic
A sudden realization that a problem solution contrasts with the strategy based solutions
Insight
I tendency to search for information that supports our perceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
Confirmation bias
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often a way that has been successful in the past
Mental set
An effortless immediate automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning
Intuition
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to present or match particular prototypes may lead us to ignore other relevant information
Representativeness heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind perhaps because of their visiting us a present such events are common
Availability heuristic
The tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
Overconfidence
Clinging to one’s initial concepts after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
Believe perseverance
The way an issue is posed how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
Framing
Our spoken written or signed words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning
Language
In a language the smallest distinctive sound unit
Phoneme
In a language the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of the word such as a prefix
Morpheme
In a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others in a given language. semantics is a set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds and syntax is a set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
Grammar
Beginning at about four months the stage of speech development which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
Babbling stage
The stage in speech development from about 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
One-word stage
Beginning about age 2 the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two word statements
Two word stage
Stage in which a child speaks like a telegram “go car” using mostly nouns and verbs
Telegraphic speech
Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to broca’s area impairing speaking, or to wernicke’s area impairing understanding
Aphasia
Controls language expression. an area of the frontal lobe usually in the left hemisphere that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
Broca’s area
Controls language reception a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression usually in the left temporal lobe
Wernicke’s area
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
Linguistic determinism
All the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating
Cognition
