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Psychology > Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes > Flashcards

Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is your teacher

A

Coach Brackett

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2
Q

The technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.

A

Shaping

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3
Q

When a person’s or animal’ sold response becomes attached to a new stimulus.

A

Classical Conditioning

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4
Q

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.

A

Neutral Stimulus

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5
Q

A pattern of reinforcement in which specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained

A

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

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6
Q

A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

A

Variable-ratio schedule

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7
Q

What is the fading away of a memory over time?

A

Decay

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8
Q

What is the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was there already?

A

Interference

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9
Q

What is a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and material that is already known?

A

Elaborative rehearsal

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10
Q

What is the act of filling memory gaps?

A

Confabulation

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11
Q

What is the conceptual frame works a person uses to make sense of the world?

A

Schemas

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12
Q

What is the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure?

A

Eidetic memory

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13
Q

What are the techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting?

A

Mnemonic devices

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14
Q

In classical conditioning, what is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus?

A

Extinction Conditioning

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15
Q

What is a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again.

A

Operant conditioning

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16
Q

The memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object,idea, or stimulation as one he or she has not experienced before is?

A

Recognition

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17
Q

Our knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings.

A

Semantic Memory

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18
Q

What is a representative example of a concept?

A

Prototype

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19
Q

What is a statement of relation between concepts?

A

Rule

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20
Q

The smallest unit of meaning in a given language

A

Morpheme

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21
Q

Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

A

Syntax

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22
Q

The study of meaning in language

A

Semantics

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23
Q

What is the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes?

A

Metacognition

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24
Q

What is a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

A

Conditioned Stimulis

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25
Q

What is a response elicited by the conditioned Stimulis; it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount?

A

Conditioned Response

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26
Q

An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

A

Motivation

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27
Q

Innate tendencies that determine behavior

A

Instincts

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28
Q

Biological or psychological requirement of an organism

A

Need

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29
Q

A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal

A

Drive

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30
Q

The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

A

Homeostasis

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31
Q

An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

A

Incentive

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32
Q

Engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives

A

Extrinsic motivation

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33
Q

Engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

A

Intrinsic motivation

34
Q

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

A

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

35
Q

The part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

A

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

36
Q

Biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life

A

Fundamental needs

37
Q

The urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem

A

Psychological needs

38
Q

The pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of ones unique potential

A

Self-actualization needs

39
Q

A set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

A

Emotion

40
Q

A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

A

Cognitive map

41
Q

Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change change in behavior

A

Latent learning

42
Q

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

A

Learned helplessness

43
Q

Our memory of our own life, such as when you woke up this morning.

A

Episodic Memory

44
Q

Memory of knowledge that can be called fourth consciously as needed.

A

Declarative Memory

45
Q

Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

A

Procedural Memory

46
Q

What is changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information?

A

Thinking

47
Q

The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli; the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic groups, age, gender, or membership in another category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics.

A

Discrimination

48
Q

What is the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing !?

A

Insight ;]

49
Q

in classical conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

A

Generalization

50
Q

What is a visual, mental representation of an event or object?

A

Image

51
Q

What learning reflects behavior shown firsthand or goes with mental processes rather than instinct

A

Social and cognitive learning

52
Q

What is an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality?

A

Symbol

53
Q

What is a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common?

A

Concept

54
Q

A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

A

Maintenance Rehearsal

55
Q

Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material is?

A

Recall

56
Q

The alteration of recalled memory that maybe simplified, enriched,or distorted ,depending on an individuals experiences, attitudes , or inference is?

A

Reconstructive processes

57
Q

The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember

A

Chunking

58
Q

Learning by imitating others; coping behavior

A

Modeling

59
Q

Systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings

A

Behavior modification

60
Q

Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for value rewards

A

Token economy

61
Q

The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced

A

Memory

62
Q

What is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way??

A

Language

63
Q

The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it

A

Encoded

64
Q

What is an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training?

A

Unconditioned stimulus

65
Q

What is an organisms automatic natural reaction to a stimulus?

A

Unconditioned response

66
Q

The process by which information is maintained over a period of time

A

Storage

67
Q

A person’s behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop

A

Escape conditioning

68
Q

Where the person’s behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening

A

Avoidance conditioning

69
Q

What is the process of moving information from storage?

A

Retrieval

70
Q

The senses of sight and hearing are also called

A

Sensory Memory

71
Q

Things being held in the conscious mind are known as?

A

Short term memory

72
Q

A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated.

A

Reinforcement

73
Q

One that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep.

A

Primary reinforcement

74
Q

One that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and reinforcement.

A

Secondary Reinforcement

75
Q

What is the basic structural element of language?

A

Phoneme

76
Q

What is a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement?

A

Fixed interval schedule

77
Q

What is a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement?

A

Variable interval schedule

78
Q

A fixed set of procedures that, if followed correctly, will lead to a solution

A

Algorithm

79
Q

A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy

A

Heuristics

80
Q

A habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving

A

Mental set

81
Q

The inability to imagine new func- tions for familiar objects

A

Functional Fixedness

Psychology (9 decks)

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