Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Who is your teacher

Answer 1

Coach Brackett

Question 2

The technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.

Answer 2

Shaping

Question 3

When a person’s or animal’ sold response becomes attached to a new stimulus.

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.

Answer 4

Neutral Stimulus

Question 5

A pattern of reinforcement in which specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained

Answer 5

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 6

A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained

Answer 6

Variable-ratio schedule

Question 7

What is the fading away of a memory over time?

Answer 7

Decay

Question 8

What is the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was there already?

Answer 8

Interference

Question 9

What is a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and material that is already known?

Answer 9

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 10

What is the act of filling memory gaps?

Answer 10

Confabulation

Question 11

What is the conceptual frame works a person uses to make sense of the world?

Answer 11

Schemas

Question 12

What is the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure?

Answer 12

Eidetic memory

Question 13

What are the techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting?

Answer 13

Mnemonic devices

Question 14

In classical conditioning, what is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 14

Extinction Conditioning

Question 15

What is a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again.

Answer 15

Operant conditioning

Question 16

The memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object,idea, or stimulation as one he or she has not experienced before is?

Answer 16

Recognition

Question 17

Our knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings.

Answer 17

Semantic Memory

Question 18

What is a representative example of a concept?

Answer 18

Prototype

Question 19

What is a statement of relation between concepts?

Answer 19

Rule

Question 20

The smallest unit of meaning in a given language

Answer 20

Morpheme

Question 21

Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences

Answer 21

Syntax

Question 22

The study of meaning in language

Answer 22

Semantics

Question 23

What is the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes?

Answer 23

Metacognition

Question 24

What is a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 24

Conditioned Stimulis

Question 25

What is a response elicited by the conditioned Stimulis; it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount?

Answer 25

Conditioned Response

Question 26

An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

Answer 26

Motivation

Question 27

Innate tendencies that determine behavior

Answer 27

Instincts

Question 28

Biological or psychological requirement of an organism

Answer 28

Need

Question 29

A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal

Answer 29

Drive

Question 30

The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

Answer 30

Homeostasis

Question 31

An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

Answer 31

Incentive

Question 32

Engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives

Answer 32

Extrinsic motivation

Question 33

Engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

Answer 33

Intrinsic motivation

Question 34

The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

Answer 34

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)

Question 35

The part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

Answer 35

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Question 36

Biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life

Answer 36

Fundamental needs

Question 37

The urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem

Answer 37

Psychological needs

Question 38

The pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of ones unique potential

Answer 38

Self-actualization needs

Question 39

A set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

Answer 39

Emotion

Question 40

A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

Answer 40

Cognitive map

Question 41

Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change change in behavior

Answer 41

Latent learning

Question 42

Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

Answer 42

Learned helplessness

Question 43

Our memory of our own life, such as when you woke up this morning.

Answer 43

Episodic Memory

Question 44

Memory of knowledge that can be called fourth consciously as needed.

Answer 44

Declarative Memory

Question 45

Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.

Answer 45

Procedural Memory

Question 46

What is changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information?

Answer 46

Thinking

Question 47

The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli; the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic groups, age, gender, or membership in another category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics.

Answer 47

Discrimination

Question 48

What is the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing !?

Answer 48

Insight ;]

Question 49

in classical conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Answer 49

Generalization

Question 50

What is a visual, mental representation of an event or object?

Answer 50

Image

Question 51

What learning reflects behavior shown firsthand or goes with mental processes rather than instinct

Answer 51

Social and cognitive learning

Question 52

What is an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality?

Answer 52

Symbol

Question 53

What is a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common?

Answer 53

Concept

Question 54

A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

Answer 54

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 55

Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material is?

Answer 55

Recall

Question 56

The alteration of recalled memory that maybe simplified, enriched,or distorted ,depending on an individuals experiences, attitudes , or inference is?

Answer 56

Reconstructive processes

Question 57

The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember

Answer 57

Chunking

Question 58

Learning by imitating others; coping behavior

Answer 58

Modeling

Question 59

Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings

Answer 59

Behavior modification

Question 60

Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for value rewards

Answer 60

Token economy

Question 61

The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced

Answer 61

Memory

Question 62

What is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way??

Answer 62

#Language

Question 63

The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it

Answer 63

Encoded

Question 64

What is an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training?

Answer 64

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

What is an organisms automatic natural reaction to a stimulus?

Answer 65

Unconditioned response

Question 66

The process by which information is maintained over a period of time

Answer 66

Storage

Question 67

A person's behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop

Answer 67

Escape conditioning

Question 68

Where the person's behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening

Answer 68

Avoidance conditioning

Question 69

What is the process of moving information from storage?

Answer 69

Retrieval

Question 70

The senses of sight and hearing are also called

Answer 70

Sensory Memory

Question 71

Things being held in the conscious mind are known as?

Answer 71

Short term memory

Question 72

A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated.

Answer 72

Reinforcement

Question 73

One that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep.

Answer 73

Primary reinforcement

Question 74

One that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and reinforcement.

Answer 74

Secondary Reinforcement

Question 75

What is the basic structural element of language?

Answer 75

Phoneme

Question 76

What is a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement?

Answer 76

Fixed interval schedule

Question 77

What is a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement?

Answer 77

Variable interval schedule

Question 78

A fixed set of procedures that, if followed correctly, will lead to a solution

Answer 78

Algorithm

Question 79

A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy

Answer 79

Heuristics

Question 80

A habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving

Answer 80

Mental set

Question 81

The inability to imagine new func- tions for familiar objects

Answer 81

Functional Fixedness