Unit 4 Learning and Cognitive Processes Flashcards
Who is your teacher
Coach Brackett
The technique of operant conditioning in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward.
Shaping
When a person’s or animal’ sold response becomes attached to a new stimulus.
Classical Conditioning
A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention.
Neutral Stimulus
A pattern of reinforcement in which specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained
Variable-ratio schedule
What is the fading away of a memory over time?
Decay
What is the process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was there already?
Interference
What is a memory device that creates a meaningful link between new information and material that is already known?
Elaborative rehearsal
What is the act of filling memory gaps?
Confabulation
What is the conceptual frame works a person uses to make sense of the world?
Schemas
What is the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure?
Eidetic memory
What are the techniques of memorizing information by forming vivid associations or images, which facilitate recall and decrease forgetting?
Mnemonic devices
In classical conditioning, what is the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response because the reinforcement is withheld or because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus?
Extinction Conditioning
What is a form of learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in the likelihood that similar actions will occur again.
Operant conditioning
The memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object,idea, or stimulation as one he or she has not experienced before is?
Recognition
Our knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings.
Semantic Memory
What is a representative example of a concept?
Prototype
What is a statement of relation between concepts?
Rule
The smallest unit of meaning in a given language
Morpheme
Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
Syntax
The study of meaning in language
Semantics
What is the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes?
Metacognition
What is a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
Conditioned Stimulis
What is a response elicited by the conditioned Stimulis; it is similar to the unconditioned response, but not identical in magnitude or amount?
Conditioned Response
An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal
Motivation
Innate tendencies that determine behavior
Instincts
Biological or psychological requirement of an organism
Need
A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal
Drive
The tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state
Homeostasis
An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior
Incentive
Engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives
Extrinsic motivation
Engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations
Intrinsic motivation
The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
Lateral Hypothalamus (LH)
The part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating
Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH)
Biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life
Fundamental needs
The urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem
Psychological needs
The pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of ones unique potential
Self-actualization needs
A set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior
Emotion
A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
Cognitive map
Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change change in behavior
Latent learning
Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
Learned helplessness
Our memory of our own life, such as when you woke up this morning.
Episodic Memory
Memory of knowledge that can be called fourth consciously as needed.
Declarative Memory
Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection.
Procedural Memory
What is changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information?
Thinking
The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli; the unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their race, ethnic groups, age, gender, or membership in another category rather than on the basis of individual characteristics.
Discrimination
What is the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive understanding of a person or thing !?
Insight ;]
in classical conditioning, the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Generalization
What is a visual, mental representation of an event or object?
Image
What learning reflects behavior shown firsthand or goes with mental processes rather than instinct
Social and cognitive learning
What is an abstract unit of thought that represents an object or quality?
Symbol
What is a label for a class of objects or events that have at least one attribute in common?
Concept
A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it
Maintenance Rehearsal
Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material is?
Recall
The alteration of recalled memory that maybe simplified, enriched,or distorted ,depending on an individuals experiences, attitudes , or inference is?
Reconstructive processes
The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember
Chunking
Learning by imitating others; coping behavior
Modeling
Systematic application of learning principles to change people’s actions and feelings
Behavior modification
Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for value rewards
Token economy
The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced
Memory
What is the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way??
Language
The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it
Encoded
What is an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training?
Unconditioned stimulus
What is an organisms automatic natural reaction to a stimulus?
Unconditioned response
The process by which information is maintained over a period of time
Storage
A person’s behavior causes an unpleasant event to stop
Escape conditioning
Where the person’s behavior has the effect of preventing an unpleasant situation from happening
Avoidance conditioning
What is the process of moving information from storage?
Retrieval
The senses of sight and hearing are also called
Sensory Memory
Things being held in the conscious mind are known as?
Short term memory
A stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcement
One that satisfies a biological need such as hunger, thirst, or sleep.
Primary reinforcement
One that has been paired with a primary reinforcer and through classical conditioning has acquired value and reinforcement.
Secondary Reinforcement
What is the basic structural element of language?
Phoneme
What is a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement?
Fixed interval schedule
What is a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement?
Variable interval schedule
A fixed set of procedures that, if followed correctly, will lead to a solution
Algorithm
A rule-of-thumb problem-solving strategy
Heuristics
A habitual strategy or pattern of problem solving
Mental set
The inability to imagine new func- tions for familiar objects
Functional Fixedness
