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Systemic Pathology > Unit 4- Female Reproductive > Flashcards

Unit 4- Female Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

XY

A

Testosterone and anti Mullerian hormone cause the Wolffian duct to persist and the gonads become testes

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2
Q

XX

A

Mullerian duct persists and gonads become ovaries

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3
Q

Disorders of Sexual Development

A

Abnormalities of sex chromosome or hermaphroditism resulting in abnormal appearance of external genitalia

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4
Q

Partial Masculinization

A

Exposure to testosterone and anti mullerian hormone released from ovotestes cause clitoromegaly and partial fusion of vulvar lips

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5
Q

True Hermaphroditism

A

Ovotestes, testosterone produced by Leydig cells and AMH by sertoli cells masculinizes mesonephric duct, paramesonephric duct, tubules, and external genitalia

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6
Q

Freemartinism

A

Male and female twins, anastomoses between vascular systems allows male hormones to masculinize and sterilize the female, occurs in bovine

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7
Q

Freemartin Organs

A

Hypoplasia of ovaries and uterus, ovotestes, failure to form uterine body, vesicular glands, uterus and vagina do not communicate, large clitoris, hair on vulva

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8
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A

Anterior pituitary initiates follicle growth

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9
Q

Luteinizing Hormone

A

Anterior pituitary stimulates follicle growth and rupture to form corpus luteum

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10
Q

Estrogen

A

Ovaries prepare uterus for pregnancy and cause secondary female characteristics

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11
Q

Progesterone

A

Corpus luteum and placenta maintain pregnancy

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12
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Cause corpus luteum and follicle rupture

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13
Q

Periovarian Cysts

A

Outside the ovary from embryonic structures, incidental, happens in bitch, mare, cat

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14
Q

Ovarian Cyst

A

Inside the ovary, follicle origin can cause disease, rete ovarii is an embryonic structire

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15
Q

Fimbrial Cyst

A

Paramesonephric duct cyst on the fimbriae of uterine tube, common in mares, incidental

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16
Q

Cystic Rete Ovarii

A

At the hilus of the ovary where the Wolffian duct was, common in dog, cat, and guinea pig

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17
Q

Epithelial Inclusion Cyst

A

Surface epithelium is trapped in ovarian stroma at ovulation fossa, common in mare, can increase in size and cause infertility

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18
Q

Anovulatory Follicular Cyst

A

Graffian follicle larger than normal at ovulation

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19
Q

Causes of failed ovulation

A

Uterine infection, genetics, absence or missing pre-ovulatory surge of LH

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20
Q

Signs of Hyperestrogenism

A

Bone marrow suppression, uterine changes

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21
Q

Size of Ovarian Cysts

A

greater than 2.5cm in cow, greater than 1cm in sow, sheep, and goat, greater than .75cm in bitch

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22
Q

Ovarian Remnant Syndrome

A

Ovarian tissue remains after spay, produces estrogen and triggers signs of heat

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23
Q

Equine Ovarian Varicosity

A

Dilation of the veins leads to thrombosis and infarction in old mares, mostly incidental

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24
Q

Oophoritis

A

Rare inflammation of ovary, can be ascending infection from uterus

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25
Q

Granulosa Cell Tumor

A

Theca cell, most common in horse, unilateral cystic mass producing estrogen, inhibin, testosterone, and AMH, atrophy of contralateral ovary

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26
Q

Granulosa Tumor Clinical Signs

A

Nymphomania, stallion behavior

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27
Q

Dysgerminoma

A

Germ cells, comparable to seminoma, unilateral, solid, and soft, some metastasize in dogs, more aggressive in horse

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28
Q

Teratoma

A

2 germ cell layer differentiation, benign, contain other body structures

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29
Q

Ovarian Carcinoma

A

Common in dogs and chicken, surface epithelium, most commonly bilateral, cauliflower appearance from papillary structures on surface, leads to peritoneal implantation and ascites

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30
Q

Hydrosalpinx

A

Blockage from defect or inflammation leads to fluid accumulation

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31
Q

Salpingitis

A

Secondary to uterine disease or traumatic from manipulation of ovary

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32
Q

Acute Causes of Salpingitis

A

T. pyogenes or Staph/Strep causing pyosalpinx

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33
Q

Chronic Causes of Salpingitis

A

Mycoplasma and ureaplasma

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34
Q

Segmental Aplasia of Uterus

A

Developmental disorder, part of uterus does not develop

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35
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of endometrium postcoitus or postpartum, mares, ascending infection if cervix is open

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36
Q

Metritis

A

Inflammation invading myometrium

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37
Q

Evaluating Fertility in Mare

A

Glandular nesting or loss, periglandular and interstitial fibrosis, and inflammation

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38
Q

Endometrial Biopsy in Mare Grading

A

I highest chance of carrying foal, III lowest

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39
Q

Sinking Vagina

A

Urine is pooling into the vagina, eosinophilic infection of uterus

40
Q

Pyometra Syndrome

A

Estrogen and progesterone cause hyperplasia of endometrial glands after estrus, most commonly E. coli, toxemia and glomerulonephritis result

41
Q

Cow Pyometra

A

Endometritis prevents destruction of corpus luteum that continues producing progesterone, leading to pyometra

42
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Growths from muscle of uterus, common in bitch and cow

43
Q

Uterine Adenocarcinoma

A

Common in rabbit and cow, multicentric masses involving both horns with common metastasis

44
Q

Bovine Leukemia Virus

A

Uterine lymphoma

45
Q

Uterine Torsion

A

Occurs due to gravid uterus, hydrometra, or uterine neoplasia, can kill fetus and rupture

46
Q

Uterine Prolapse

A

Predisposed by prolonged dystocia and forced traction, retained placenta, and postpartum hypocalcemia

47
Q

Uterine Artery Rupture

A

Weakened wall of artery in old mares with multiple pregnancies, usually peripartum, can lead to hypovolemic shock

48
Q

Endometrial Polyps

A

Occurs in dog and cat, pedunculated connective tissue with dilated glands, uterus predisposed to prolapse

49
Q

Subinvolution of Placental Sites

A

Prolonged uterine hemorrhage manifesting as bloody discharge after whelping, leads to ascending infection, endometritis, and open pyometra

50
Q

Placentome

A

Maternal cotyledons and fetal caruncles

51
Q

Fetal Monsters

A

Amorphos globosus, schistosomus reflexus, anasarca, meningocele, arthrogyposis, and cyclopia

52
Q

Amorphus Globosus

A

A twin does not develop correctly, forming a nonviable spherical mass of connective tissue without organs covered in skin

53
Q

Schistosomus Reflexus

A

Spinal inversion and exposure of abdominal viscera due to ventral abdominal wall fissure and limb ankylosis

54
Q

Anasarca

A

Diffuse edema

55
Q

Meningocele

A

Abnormal sac of fluid containing meninges and extending through skull or vertebra

56
Q

Meningioencephalocele

A

Abnormal sac of fluid containing meninges and brain extending through skull or vertebra

57
Q

Artrogryposis

A

Stiffness due to multiple joint contractures

58
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Failure of embryonic prosencephalon to divide, leads to cyclopia

59
Q

Umbilical Torsion

A

Horses with umbilicus longer than 84cm have 10-20 twists and areas of edema and congestion

60
Q

Mummification

A

Desiccation of a fetus in utero without bacteria

61
Q

Maceration

A

Fetal death and liquefaction in utero due to bacterial inflammation

62
Q

Resorption

A

Chromosomal abnormalities not compatible with attachment or implantation lead to early embryonic loss

63
Q

Abortion

A

Expulsion of fetus prior to time of viability

64
Q

Stillborn

A

Dead fetus born within expected time of viability

65
Q

SMEDI

A

Stillborn, Mummy, Embryonic Death, and Infertility syndrome in pigs

66
Q

Cause of SMEDI

A

Parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, porcine circovirus 2, and leptospira

67
Q

Horse Twins

A

One can be small and nonviable

68
Q

Bacterial Infection of Uterus

A

Placentitis, pneumonia, and hepatitis, vasculitis leads to abortion

69
Q

Abortion in Cattle

A

Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, and Chlamydia abortus

70
Q

Campylobacter fetus

A

In ovine causes pathognomonic target lesions on liver

71
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

In bovine causes disseminated liver abscess

72
Q

Brucella abortus

A

Causes fibrinous pleuritis

73
Q

Ascending Placentitis

A

In mares, infection enters vagina and breaches cervix

74
Q

Causes of Ascending Placentitis

A

Strep, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staph aureus, Klebsiella, Actinobacterium equuli, Aspergillus

75
Q

Mycotic Placentitis

A

Aspergillus fumigatus and zygomycetes causing characteristic cutaneous lesions in fetus, hematogenous origin in cattle or ascending in mare

76
Q

Neospora caninum

A

Protozoal without gross lesions, histological lesions in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

77
Q

oxoplasma gondii

A

Protozoal causing characteristic focal necrosis in cotyledons

78
Q

Viral Infection

A

Hepatitis, pneumonia, and malformations with random foci of necrosis, usually no gross placental lesions

79
Q

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome

A

Penetration of GI by caterpillar hairs or toxins in caterpillar hairs to fetus or placenta

80
Q

Funisitis

A

Inflammation of umbilical cord, fetal host response

81
Q

Amniotic Plaques

A

Squamous cell metaplasia, incidental

82
Q

Endometrial Cups

A

Cups in mares occur in endometrial horn during pregnancy, secretes chorionic gonadotropin stimulating corpus luteum, regresses spontaneously

83
Q

Hippomane

A

Waste products from foal form liver-like structure

84
Q

Abortion Diagnostics

A

Serum from dam and herd at time of abortion and 3 weeks later and fetus WITH placenta

85
Q

Bacterial Culture Diagnostics

A

Placenta, abomasal contents, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, separate and do not freeze

86
Q

Viral Isolation Diagnostics

A

Lung, liver, spleen

87
Q

Vesiculoulcerative Vulvovaginitis

88
Q

Equine Coital Exanthema

A

Vesiculoulcerative vulvovaginitis due to EHV-3

89
Q

Vulvar Swelling

A

Caused by estrogen from cystic follicles, estrogen secreting tumors, or Zearalenon from Fusarium fungus

90
Q

Vaginal Leomyoma

A

Incidental

91
Q

Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

UV light induced damage on non-pigmented skin of old dairy cows

92
Q

Mammary Tumors

A

Hormonal influence, usually malignant in cats, complex grading system, mestastasis to lung and lymph nodes

93
Q

Simple Mammary Tumor

A

Epithelium only

94
Q

Complex Mammary Tumor

A

Epithelium and myoepithelium

95
Q

Mixed Mammary Tumor

A

Epithelium and mesenchymal tissue

96
Q

Canine Inflammatory Mammary Gland Carcinoma

A

Resembles mastitis without inflammation, dilated lymphatic vessels filled with clusters of metastatic tumor cells, most malignant mammary tumor in dogs

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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