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Systemic Pathology > Unit 3- Renal > Flashcards

Unit 3- Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Units of Kidney

A

Renal corpuscle of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, tubules, interstitium, and vasculature

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2
Q

Glomerular Filtration Barrier

A

Filter plasma, formed by endothelial cells, basement membrane, and podocytes

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3
Q

Requirements of Renal Function

A

Adequate perfusion, renal tissue, and elimination of urine

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4
Q

Renal Disease Progression

A

Affects multiple components of the kidney, leading to CRF and end stage kidneys

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5
Q

Outcome of Renal Disease

A

Imbalance of salt and water, acids and base, and retention of waste

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6
Q

Index of Kidney Failure

A

Retention of urea or creatinine

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7
Q

Uremia

A

Failure to excrete metabolic waste

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8
Q

Edema

A

Failure to maintain normal concentrations of salt and water

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9
Q

Acidosis

A

Failure to regulate acid base balance

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10
Q

Hormone Imbalance

A

Failure to produce erythropoietin, renin, and postaglandins leading to anemia, hypertension, and ischemic necrosis

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11
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Failure to activate vitamin D

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12
Q

Acute vs Chronic Failure

A

75% or more function impairement

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13
Q

Prerenal Acute Failure

A

Transient hypoperfusion

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14
Q

Postrenal Acute Failure

A

Obstruction of urinary tract

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15
Q

Renal Acute Failure

A

Acute glomerulonephritis, acute interstitial nephritis, acute tubular necrosis

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16
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A

Caused by nephrotoxins or ischemia, causes oliguria and anuria, pallor

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17
Q

Death by Acute Failure

A

Increase in serum K causes cardiotoxicity, metabolic acidosis, and pulmonary edema

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18
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

Loss of nephrons and scarring, PU/PD, alteration in calcium/phosphorus metabolism, nonregenerative anemia, increase in PTH secretion, and fibrous osteodystrophy and soft tissue calcification

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19
Q

CKD Histology

A

Mononuclear inflammation, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and loss, glomerulosclerosis, thickened Bowman’s capsule, and tubular and glomerular ectasia

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20
Q

Azotemia

A

Elevation of blood urea or creatinine without renal disease

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21
Q

Uremia

A

Urine in blood, clinical syndrome of renal failure, extrarenal lesions

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22
Q

Uremic Gastropathy

A

Dog and cat, ulcer and hemorrhage secondary to vasculitis, mucosal calcification secondary to Ca/P metabolism

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23
Q

Uremic Colitis

A

Horse and cattle, ulcers and hemorrhage secondary to vasculitis

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24
Q

Soft Tissue Mineralization

A

Altered calcium/phosphorus metabolism, occurs in parietal pleura, intercostals, larynx, and nephrocalcinosis

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25
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

Uremic pneumonitis, due to increased vascular permeability

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26
Q

Ulcerative Glossitis

A

Ammonia production by bacteria from salivary urea causes vasculitis

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27
Q

Necrotizing Glossitis

A

Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles leads to infarct

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28
Q

Uremic Endocarditis

A

Left atrium, endothelial damage leads to increased vascular permeability

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29
Q

Parathyroid Hyperplasia

A

Altered calcium-phosphorus metabolism, systemic calcification, chief cells try to lower blood calcium by secreting PTH and become hyperplastic

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30
Q

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

A

Secondary to parathyroid hyperplasia, osteoclasts releasing Ca2+ are replaced by fibrous tissue, rubber jaw

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31
Q

Renal Agenesis

A

No recognizable renal tissue, inherited in beagle, sheepdog, and doberman

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32
Q

Renal Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete renal development, 50% smaller kidney with no renal disease, other kidney has incidental compensatory hypertrophy

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33
Q

Renal Dysplasia

A

Malformation of renal parenchyma

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34
Q

Juvenile Nephropathy

A

Non inflammatory degenerative or development of chronic renal disease in young animals

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35
Q

Familial Nephropathy

A

Genetic inheritance of nephropathy, clinical sign onset varies

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36
Q

Asynchronous Maturation

A

Structures in nephrogenesis not normal in infants; primitive ducts, fetal glomerulus

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37
Q

Fused Kidneys

A

Horseshoe kidney fused during nephrogenesis, incidental

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38
Q

Congenital Cysts

A

Incidental, polycystic kidney disease in cats

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39
Q

Acquired Cysts

A

Tubules or glomeruli obstructed by scar tissue, extensive interstitial fibrosis

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40
Q

Feline Polycystic Kidney

A

Autosomal dominant in persians, cysts in nephron present in pancreas and liver

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41
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

Small particles pass through and are reabsorbed to maintain homeostasis, proteins remain in blood

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42
Q

Proteinuria

A

Abnormal quantities of protein in urine, indication or glomerular or tubular injury

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43
Q

Albuminuria

A

Albumin leaking into urine, leads to edema, ascites, hydrothorax, and hydropericardium

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44
Q

Loss of Antithrombin III

A

Leads to hypercoagulable state and thrombi

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45
Q

Hallmarks of Glomerular Disease

A

Proteinuria, hypercoagulable state, nephrotic syndrome

46
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hypercoagulable state, hyperlipidemia

47
Q

Hyperlipidemia in Glomerular Disease

A

Liver overproduces albumin to compensate for loss, producing cholesterol

48
Q

Glomerulitis

A

Inflammation restricted to glomerulus during acute septicemia

49
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Glomerular disease and secondary tubulointerstitial and vascular changes, immune origin

50
Q

Glomerulitis in Foals

A

Actinobacillus equuli causes septicemia

51
Q

Dog Glomerulonephritis

A

Pyometra, pyoderma, chronic parasitism, autoimmune, neoplasia

52
Q

Cat Glomerulonephritis

A

FeLV, FIV, FIP

53
Q

Immune Glomerulonephritis

A

Circulating antigen-antibody complexes from persistent infection trapped in capillary wall

54
Q

Injury to Glomerular Structures

A

Deposition of immune complexes, complement activation, chemotaxis of neutrophils, damage to basement membrane by neutrophils

55
Q

Outcome of Glomerular Injury

A

Proliferation of mesangial cells and podocytes, influx of inflammatory cells, thickening of mesangial matrix and basement membrane

56
Q

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

A

Thickened glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix, common in cat

57
Q

Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Hypercellularity and influx of WBC

58
Q

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Thickened basement membrane and matrix and cellular proliferation, common in dog

59
Q

Gross Glomerulonephritis

A

Enlarged glomeruli give granular appearance

60
Q

Dog Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Borrelia, dirofilaria, pyometra, pyoderma, lupus

61
Q

Car Membranous Glomerulonephritis

A

FeLV, FIP, FIV

62
Q

Horse Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

A

Strep equi, equine infectious anemia

63
Q

Pig Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

64
Q

Amyloid

A

Extracellular, homogenous, insoluble, fibrillar protein resistant to degradation

65
Q

Primary AL Amyloidosis

A

Plasma cell tumors create immunoglobulin light chain protein

66
Q

Secondary AA Amyloidosis

A

Chronic inflammation creates serum amyloid in liver, most common in domestic animal

67
Q

Familial Amyloidosis

A

Shar-pei, abysinnian, and siamese

68
Q

Amyloidosis

A

In mesangium and subendothelial glomerular capillaries or in medulla in familial disease, develop renal insufficiency and proteinuria

69
Q

Glomerular Amyloidosis

A

Pale granular appearance, amyloid in mesangium and subendothelial glomerular capillaries, confirmed by congo red stain

70
Q

Sequelae to Glomerulonephritis

A

Glomerulosclerosis, downstream tubular ischemia and injury, interstitial fibrosis

71
Q

Hyaline Casts

A

Protein filling tubules, indicative of glomerular disease

72
Q

Renal Infarction

A

Localized coagulative necrosis

73
Q

Renal Obstructive Material

A

Thrombi from hypercoagulable state, septic emboli, neoplastic emboli

74
Q

Predisposition to Renal Infarct

A

Valvular endocarditis, feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, endotoxemia, neoplasia

75
Q

Renal Artery Infarction

A

Entire kidney will be necrotic

76
Q

Arcuate Artery Infarction

A

Wedge Shaped necrosis of cortex and medulla

77
Q

Interlobular Artery Infarction

A

Necrosis of cortex

78
Q

Renal Necrosis Causes

A

Ischemia from NSAID, medullary amyloidosis, pyelonephritis, or pelvic calculi or tumor

79
Q

NSAID Pathogenesis

A

Block prostaglandin production, ischemia of renal medulla leads to necrosis

80
Q

Analgesic Nephropathy

A

Dehydrated horses treated with phenylbutazone NSAID develop papillary necrosis

81
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A

Most common cause of renal failure, toxic or ischemic and resulting in oliguria and anuria

82
Q

Nephrotoxic Tubular Necrosis

A

Toxins leave basement membrane intact, so epithelium heals by regeneration

83
Q

Ischemic Tubular Necrosis

A

Basement membrane is damaged, so heals by fibrosis

84
Q

Nephrotoxins

A

Hemoglobin, myoglobin, lead, aminoglycoside antibiotics, NSAIDs, fungal toxins, pigweed toxins, oxalates, oak tannins, ethylene glycol antifreeze, vit D, bacterial toxins

85
Q

Hemoglobinuric Nephrosis

A

Accumulates in tubules, causes intravascular hemolysis

86
Q

Chronic Copper Toxicity in Sheep

A

Coagulative necrosis of tubular epithelium, orange granular casts in tubules, diffuse dark discoloration

87
Q

Myoglobinuric Nephrosis

A

Extensive muscle necrosis releases myoglobin that is filtered and toxic to tubules

88
Q

Cholemic Nephrosis

A

Hepatic failure leads to icterus and bile cast nephropathy, kidney will be colored green

89
Q

Lead Toxicity

A

Acid fast intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells, damages membranes of epithelial cells and mitochondria

90
Q

Ethylene Glycol Toxicity

A

Oxidized in liver into toxic metabolites that cause ATP depletion and membrane damage, characteristic calcium oxalate crystals

91
Q

Ischemic Renal Tubule Damage

A

Decreases volume of blood going through kidneys

92
Q

Inflammatory Tubulointerstitial Disease

A

Secondary to acute tubular necrosis or glomerulonephritis, septicemia infecting the tubules, leptospira, or chronic inflammation

93
Q

Clinical Character of Inflammatory Tubulointerstitial Disease

A

Loss of concentrating urine

94
Q

Nonsuppurative Interstitial Nephritis

A

Leptospirosis, white spotted kidney in calf, toxocara canis, malignant catarrhal fever, FIP, lyme, hairy vetch

95
Q

Nonsuppurative Interstitial Nephritis Histology

A

Lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, tubular dilation and atrophy

96
Q

White Spotted Kidney in Calf

A

Incidental finding in calf related to bacteremia, random distribution indicates hematogenous spread

97
Q

Acute Granulomatous Interstitial Nephritis in Puppy

A

Canine hepesvirus-1 causes multifocal cortical hemorrhage due to tubular necrosis and hemorrhage

98
Q

Suppurative Embolic Nephritis

A

Microabscesses in renal cortex, septic omphalophlebitis or endocarditis

99
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma, ascending UTI

100
Q

How does bacteria reach renal pelvis?

A

Abnormal vesicoureteral reflux, reverse peristalsis

101
Q

Sequelae to Pyelonephritis

A

Pyelonephrosis

102
Q

Horse Kidney

A

Normal to have mucous glands in kidney pelvis

103
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Cystic dilatation of pelvis due to obstruction of urine flow, results in pressure atrophy of renal medulla and cortex

104
Q

Halicephalobus gingivalis

A

Nematode larvae causing granulomatous lesion in horse kidney

105
Q

Primary Neoplasms

A

Usually bilateral, epithelial, embryonal, or mesenchymal origin

106
Q

Renal Carcinoma

A

Most common primary renal neoplasm in dog, cattle, and horse, originates from epithelium of proximal tubule, local invasion, highly metastatic

107
Q

Renal Cystadenocarcinoma-Nodular Dermatofibrosis Syndrome

A

Bilateral multifocal renal cystadenoma and nodular dermatofibrosis with uterin leiomyoma in german shepherds

108
Q

Nephroblastoma

A

Most common primary renal neoplasm in pig and chicken, metanephric blastema origin, occurs in young animals

109
Q

Ectopic Nephroblastoma

A

Embryonal renal rests trapped between dura mater and spinal cord at thoracolumbar junction in young dogs

110
Q

Lymphoma

A

Commonly involved in renal

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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