Unit 3- Lower Urinary Tract

Question 1

Pathology of LUT

Answer 1

Obstruction or infection

Question 2

Male Pathology

Answer 2

Obstruction due to urethral anatomy

Question 3

Female Pathology

Answer 3

Infection due to short urethra

Question 4

Ectopic Ureter

Answer 4

Most common ureteral anomaly, terminates at urethra or vagina, predisposes to ascending infection

Question 5

Urolithiasis

Answer 5

Calculi in urinary passages

Question 6

Calculi

Answer 6

Minerals predominate, form round hard structures

Question 7

Urethral Plugs

Answer 7

Masses of sandy sludge with higher organic component

Question 8

Dalmation Calculi

Answer 8

Urate from defective uric acid metabolism

Question 9

Cystine Calculi

Answer 9

Defective proximal tubule resorption in dogs and cats

Question 10

Calcium Oxalate Calculi

Answer 10

Caused by hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia

Question 11

Ammonium biurate Calculi

Answer 11

Caused by severe liver disease or portosystemic shunts

Question 12

Struvite Calculi

Answer 12

Caused by urease from staph or proteus, mostly in dogs

Question 13

Most Predisposed to Calculi

Answer 13

Cattle, sheep, dogs, and ats

Question 14

Dog Breeds Predisposed to Calculi

Answer 14

Dachshund, dalmation, cocker spaniel, basset hound, poodle, schnauzer, terriers

Question 15

Cattle Urethral Calculi Site

Answer 15

At the ischial arch and proximal end of the sigmoid flexure

Question 16

Ram Urethral Calculi Site

Answer 16

At the urethral process in the vermiform appendage

Question 17

Dog Urethral Calculi Site

Answer 17

Proximal base of the Os penis

Question 18

Cat Urethral Calculi Site

Answer 18

Entire urethra

Question 19

Urethral Calculi Complications

Answer 19

Local pressure necrosis, ulceration of mucosa, acute hemorrhagic urethritis

Question 20

Nephrolith

Answer 20

Large calculus in the kidney pelvis

Question 21

Portosystemic Shunts

Answer 21

Fibrosis compresses portal vein and causes hypertension, new blood vessels form linking to the vena cava, and blood bypasses the liver so ammonia cannot be metabolized

Question 22

Bacterial Cystitis

Answer 22

UPEC E coli mostly, some specific renal pathogens

Question 23

Blister Beetle

Answer 23

Epicauta beetles in hay release Cantharidin and cause ulcerative cystitis in horses

Question 24

Cyclophosphamide

Answer 24

Causes hemorrhagic cystitis in dog and cat

Question 25

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

Answer 25

Caused by idiopathic interstitial cystitis, infection, or urethral obstruction

Question 26

FLUTD Risk Factors

Answer 26

Older, neutered, fat, little exercise, dehydration, stress

Question 27

Follicular Cystitis

Answer 27

Disseminated submucosal lymphoid nodules

Question 28

Polypoid Cystitis

Answer 28

Polys composed of connective tissue mixed with mononuclear cells

Question 29

Emphysematous Cystitis

Answer 29

Air filled bullar in urinary mucosa, associated with Diabetes and glucosuria causing overgrowth of glucose fermenting bacteria

Question 30

Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Answer 30

Most common neoplasm, occurs in bladder neck and trigone, high rate of metastasis to lymph nodes, lung, and bone

Question 31

Bracken Fern Poisoning

Answer 31

Ptaquiloside causes transitional cell carcinoma, hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma in cattle

Question 32

Transitional Cell Carcinoma Classigication

Answer 32

Papillary and infiltrating most common, papillary and non infiltrating, non papillary and non infiltrating, non papillary and infiltrating metastasizes most commonly

Question 33

Transitional Cell Carcinoma Sequelae

Answer 33

Hydroureter and hydronephrosis