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Systemic Pathology > Unit 3- Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Unit 3- Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Compensatory Cardiac Mechanisms

A

Cardiac dilatation to increase contractile force, myocardial hypertrophy, increase in heart rate, increase in peripheral resistance, redistribution of blood flow

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2
Q

Reversible Cardiac Changes

A

Fatty degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, fatty infiltration, myocytolysis

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3
Q

Irreversible Cardiac Changes

A

Lipofuscinosis and neoplasia

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4
Q

Heart Healing

A

Hyaline necrosis occurs, macrophages invade, and healing by fibrosis leaves a scar

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5
Q

Thickness Ratio

A

Left to right 3:1

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6
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Blood source to fetus

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7
Q

Umbilical Artery

A

Blood drains from fetus

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8
Q

Fetal Blood Flow

A

Blood enters caudal vena cava from umbilical vein, passes R to L through foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus carries blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta

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9
Q

Serous Atrophy of Heart

A

Poor nutrition state causes fat of coronary groove to be utilized

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10
Q

Cardiac Syncope

A

Acute onset of cardiac failure causing collapse and unconsciousness

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11
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload, blood accumulates on venous side

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12
Q

Brisket Edema

A

High altitude disease of bulls, R heart pumps excessively to the lungs and creates pulmonary hypertension

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13
Q

R sided Heart Failure

A

Causes ascites and hepatic congestion leading to nutmeg liver

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14
Q

Valvular Hematocyst

A

Remnants of fetal blood vessels can form hematocysts

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15
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, R ventricular hypertrophy in keeshonds and english bulldogs

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16
Q

Pulmonic Stenosis

A

Causes secondary R ventricular hypertrophy to compensate

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17
Q

Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis

A

Frequent in dogs, connective tissue closes the aorta, blood enters with force and causes dilatation of aorta and L ventricular hypertrophy

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18
Q

Tricuspid Dysplasia

A

Most common in cats

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19
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

A

Hole between ventricle and atrium, overload in R ventricle leads to hypertrophy and R sided heart failure

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20
Q

Jet Lesions

A

Endocardial fibrosis caused by jets of blood on myocardium

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21
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Common defect in all species, link from pulmonary trunk to aorta is retained as adults, leads to pulmonary hypertension

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22
Q

Persistent Right Aortic Arch

A

Aorta should be left of trachea, on the right the ligamentum arteriosum causes dysphagia and megaeophagus in german shepherd, irish setter, and great dane

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23
Q

Hemopericardium

A

Trauma or ruptured hemangiosarcoma, constricts heart contraction causing cardiac tamponade

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24
Q

Mulberry Heart Disease

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency causes hepatosis dietetica and mulberry heart, pericardium full of fibrin and mottled heart, sudden death of healthy pigs

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25
Q

Black Leg

A

Fibrinous pericarditis, bubbles caused by Clostridium chauvei

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26
Q

Hardware Disease

A

Foreign bodies puncture through pericardium from reticulum, adhesion between reticulum and diaphragm

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27
Q

Endocardial Mineralization

A

Excessive vitamin D or calcinogenic plants or Johne’s disease

28
Q

Valvular Endocardiosis

A

Degeneration of valvular collagen in older male cavalier king charles spaniels

29
Q

Valvular Endocardiosis Pathology

A

Shortened and nodular cusps, hooding of valve, increased cordae tendinae tension leads to rupture and valvular insufficiency

30
Q

Most common cause of CHF in dogs

A

Valvular endocardiosis

31
Q

Endocarditis

A

Valves are predisposed to secondary bacterial infection

32
Q

Verrucous Endocarditis

A

chronic valvular lesions with wart like appearance, vegitative

33
Q

Erysipelas

A

Valvular endocarditis in pigs, emboli can reach kidney and cause renal infarct

34
Q

Renal Failure

A

Renal failure puts stress on the heart, causes endocarditis and mineralization, produces vasculitis in tongue, GI, and L atrium

35
Q

Dirofilariasis

A

Heartworms in pulmonary arteries and R ventricle of dog

36
Q

Endarteritis

A

Inflamed inside of pulmonary artery

37
Q

Necrosis and Mineralization Causes

A

Vitamin E/selenium deficiency in ruminants or ionophore toxicity in horses and ruminants, gossypol toxicity in pigs, and uremia in dogs and cats

38
Q

Nutritional Myopathy in Lambs

A

R side of heart has white brush strokes

39
Q

Ionophore Toxicity

A

Cattle extremely sensitive, leads to subtle lesions in heart

40
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Common in large breed dog dog and other small animals

41
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A

Common in cat

42
Q

Myocardial Disarray

A

Interweaving pattern of cardiac cells on histology

43
Q

Saddle Thrombus

A

Aorto-iliac thrombus at bifurcation of abdominal aorta

44
Q

Myocarditis

A

Secondary cardiomyopathy, result of hematogenous infection

45
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Larval taenia tapeworm from ingestion of taenia eggs causes larval stage in muscle

46
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor of heart muscle

47
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of heart muscle

48
Q

Schwanomma

A

Benign tumor of cardiac nerves

49
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

Malignant endothelial cell tumor predilected to blood vessels on R atrium

50
Q

Heart Base Tumors

A

Aortic body tumors, sometimes ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tissue

51
Q

Chemodectoma

A

Heart base tumor of aortic body

52
Q

Anzootic Leukosis

A

Bovine leukemia causes secondary tumor to R ventricle

53
Q

Diamond Skin Disease

A

Arteritis causes multiple cutaneous infarcts in pigs with Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae

54
Q

Beagle Pain Syndrome

A

Idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis in beagles in coronary and meningeal arterioles

55
Q

Fibrinoid Necrotizing Arteritis

A

Common in swine

56
Q

Edema Disease in Pigs

A

Enterotoxemic colibacillosis, enterotoxin from EHEC causes edema and gelatinous material in vertebrae

57
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Mineral deposition in wall of vessel

58
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Deposition of mineral and lipid in wall of vessel

59
Q

Atherosclerosis Histology

A

Lipid deposition, cholesterol clefts, and focal mineralization

60
Q

Aneurism

A

Focal dilatation of vessel

61
Q

Dissecting Aneurism

A

Rupture of aneurism, coronary and renal arteries of male racing greyhounds

62
Q

Arterial Rupture

A

Can occur in uterine artery in mares with low serum copper for vessel health or fungi can cause rupture of internal carotid

63
Q

Aortic Rupture

A

Idiopathic rupture in horses at base of aorta

64
Q

Virchow Triad

A

Endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and abnormal blood flow lead to thrombosis

65
Q

Pulmonary Thrombosis Dogs

A

Renal glomerular disease leads to protein losing nephropathy and loss of Antithrombin III, emboli can break off of thrombus and cause pulmonary thrombus

Systemic Pathology (12 decks)

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