Unit 4 Botany pt. 2 (not Plant Reproduction) Flashcards
Why are plants different from animals?
Plants photosynthesize, plant cells have cell wall, plants have chloroplast, animals have lysosomes.
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Animalia, Protista, plantae, fungi, bacteria/monera
Why are plants different from bacteria?
Plants make their own food (autotroph), while fungi are heterotrophs (decompose other food), plants can photosynthesize, plants have cell walls with cellulose, fungi have cell walls made of chitin.
What separates plants from algae/Protista
Plants have stomata, algae does not. Algae are almost exclusive to water, plants are mainly terrestrial. All plants are multi-cellular, most algae are unicellular. Plants use spores and alternation of generations to reproduce.
What are the levels of classification hierarchy for everything EXCEPT plants?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
What is the classification hierarchy for PLANTS ONLY?
Kingdom, DIVISION, class, order, genus, species.
How does the classification hierarchy differ in plants?
Has divisions instead of phylum.
How do you write a scientific name?
Genus + species, then either underlined or italicized.
What major grouping is Hepatophyta in?
Non-vascular and seedless
What is the dominant phase of hepatophyta?
Gametophyte phase.
What division is the earliest land plant?
Hepatophyta
What is an example of hepatophyta?
Liverworts
What major grouping is anthocerophyta in?
Non vascular and seedless.
What is the dominant phase of anthocerophyta?
Gametophyte phase
What is an example of anthocerophyta?
Hornworts
What division has no true root, stem, leaf, or flowers?
Anthocerophyta
What division is bryophyta in?
Non vascular and seedless
What is the dominant phase of bryophyta?
Gametophyte
What is the first division with stems?
Bryophyta
What is an example of bryophyta
Mosses
What are the three non vascular and seedless divisions?
Hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, and bryophyta
What are the two vascular and seedless divisions?
Lycophyta and pteridophyta
What major grouping is lycophyta in?
Vascular and seedless
What major grouping is pteridophyta in?
Vascular and seedless
What is the dominant phase of lycophyta?
Sporophyte
What is the dominant phase of pteridophyta
Sporophyte phase
What is an example of lycophyta
Club mosses, ground cedar
What division had the first roots and stems?
Lycophyta
Which division has sideways stems?
Pteridophyta
What is an example of pteridophyta
Fern
What are the four divisions in the vascular with naked seeds major group (aka gymnosperms)
Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta
What is an example of pinophyta
Conifers or pine trees
What division has needle shaped leaves
Pinophyta
What is the dominant phase of pinophyta
Sporophyte
What is an example of cycadophyta
Cycads
What divisions have separate genders on separate plants?
Gnetophyta and ginkophyta
What is the major phase of cycadophyta
Sporophyte
What is the dominant phase of gnetophyta
Sporophyte
What division is a junk drawer of plants?
Gnetophyta
What is the dominant phase of ginkophyta,
Sporophyte
What is an example of ginkophyta
Ginko
What division has fan shaped leaves and fleshy seeds
Ginkophyta
What division is vascular with enclosed seeds (angiosperms)
Anthophyta
What is an example of Anthophyta?
Flowering plants
What division has flowers and fruits?
Anthophyta
What is the most diverse division?
Anthophyta
Where is pinophyta located?
Northern hemisphere.
What is the appearance of a pinophyte’s leaves?
Needle shaped
What is a fascicle
A bundle of 2-5 pinophyta leaflets
Describe pinophyta’ native environment
Cold, snowy, dry, windy
What is the dominant phase of Anthophyta?
Sporophyte
What divisions are sporophyte dominant?
Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta, and Anthophyta
Why do pine trees have the hypodermis below the epidermis?
The thickened wall prevents water loss.
Why do pine trees have a thick cuticle?
Prevents water loss (water is polar, wax is non polar)
Why do pine trees have sunken stomata?
It puts a divot in the leaf that the water vapor lost by transpiration collects in, instead of getting blown away by the wind.
Why do pine trees not have any air spaces in the mesophyll?
It prevents water loss by the water not being able to fall in the spaces and escape.
Why do pine trees have endodermis around the vascular bundle?
Keeps the water inside the xylem and regulates water sharing.
Why do pine trees have resin canals.
Prevents water loss by scaring away insects so that they don’t bite the plant and cause a wound.
Why is gymnosperm wood softer than deciduous wood?
It is mostly made of tracheids, very few vessels.
Why is extremely thick bark an adaptive advantage for gymnosperms?
Insulation from having the water freeze
Protects trees in a flash fire, as the thick bark takes a long time to burn
Why would gymnosperms weave their roots together with the trees nearby?
Creates more anchorage
Why would gymnosperms create mycorrhizae?
Helps them obtain water and nutrients in the frozen wasteland
What is a pollen cone called?
Strobili (male)
What is a seed cone called?
Female strobili
What does a pollen cone look like?
Papery or membrane scales arranged in a spiral. Very small.
When are pollen comes created?
During the spring
Where do pollen cones grow?
Tips of branches in clusters of 50+
Where are pollen cones found on a tree?
Top of the tree
Describe year one seed cones
Immature
Describe year two of seed cones
Woody scales open and receive pollen
Describe year three seed cones
Scales open and release fully developed seeds
Describe the appearance of seed cones
Much larger than pollen cones, scaly
Where are seed cones found on a tree?
Bottom of the tree
Why are the seed cones found on the bottom and the pollen cones found on the top?
The pollen can blow off the pollen cones and have a better chance of shaking onto the seed cones.
Where is the one place angiosperms do not grow?
The arctic.
What is the mode of nutrition of the majority of angiosperms?
Autotrophic (create their own food)
What is a dodder?
A parasitic angiosperm. Uses haustoria to take food and water from the host’s xylem and phloem.
What is mistletoe?
A parasitic angiosperm that steals food from the host plant and it photosynthesizes.
What is saprotrophic?
Plant gets nutrition from the absorption of nutrients from dead organic matter.
What is double fertilization regarding plants?
2 sperm are released by the pollen spore. Sperm #1 produces the zygote, and sperm #2 produces the endosperm.
What is the endosperm?
It is the food the baby plant eats in the seed.
What does angiosperm mean?
Vessel seed.
Carpel
Fertile, modified leaf. Makes up the vessel.
Where did carpels come from?
Leaves that rolled towards the center of the plant to enclose the ovules.
What makes up the pistil?
2 or more united carpels.
What does a seed develop from?
A fertilized ovule.
Where are ovules found?
Inside the ovaries.
What does an ovary with fertilized ovules develop into?
Fruit
What does the fruit contain?
Seeds
What are the two large classes in Anthophyta?
Magnoliopsida (dicots) and liliopsida (monocots)
What is the difference of monocots an dicots in seeds?
Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two.
What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding flower parts?
Dicots have flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, dicots have them in multiples of 3.
What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding leaf vein pattern?
Dicots have netted veins, dicots have parallel veins.
What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding root cross section?
Dicots have x shaped xylem, dicots have ring shaped vascular cylinders with pith in the center.
What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding stem cross section?
Dicots have candy corn vascular bundles in rings around the stem, monocots have smiled faced vascular bundles scattered in the stem.
What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding the pollen grain?
Dicots have 3 holes, monocots have 1 hole.
Peduncle
Stalk of the FLOWER.
Receptacle
Swollen tip of the peduncle, is where the flower attaches to the peduncle.
Sepals
The little leafy looking things at the base of the flower.
Calyx
All of the little leafy things at the bottom of the flower. Made up of all the sepals.
Petal
Flower… Petal…
Corolla
All the flower petals together.
Stamen is made of what two parts?
Anther and filament.
Anther
Makes Sperm and pollen
Where is the anther located?
Top of the filament
Filament
Holds up the anther
Pistil
Female reproductive part, made of fused carpels.
What three parts make up the pistil?
Stigma, style, ovary.
Stigma
Sticky, catches pollen.
Style
Holds the stigma up
Ovary
Houses the ovules
Perianth
Name for the sepals and petals combined.
Complete flower
Has sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil(carpels)
Incomplete flower
Missing one or more of the four flower parts
Four flower parts
Stamen, pistil, sepals, petals
Perfect flower
Has stamen and pistil, is bisexual
Imperfect flower
Has stamen OR pistil, is not bisexual.
Staminate
Imperfect flower lacking the pistil.
Carpellate
Imperfect flower lacking stamens
Monoecious
Staminate and Carpellate flowers on the same plants. (Bisexual plant, not bisexual flowers)
Dioecious
Staminate and Carpellate flowers found on separate plants. (Non bisexual plant and non bisexual flowers)
What kind of pollination takes place in dioecious species?
Cross
Superior ovary position
Ovary is above the receptacle.
Inferior ovary position
Ovary is below the receptacle
Inflorescences
Cluster of flowers all attached to the same peduncle
Pedicel
The little “stem” of each flower in an inflorescent bunch. Attached to the main peduncle.
Haploid
Cells with only one set of chromosomes.
Sporophyte phase
Diploid cells
Gametophyte
Haploid cells
Alternation of generations
Plants alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte phase.
What are the three pollination vectors?
Wind, water, animals (bees, bats, birds, etc)
Which pollination vector is most efficient?
Animals, they are more accurate and likely to go from one flower to another flower of the same species.
What are the three adaptive strategies for plant pollination?
Rewards, attractants, and specific structural adaptations.
What do nectaries do?
They produce nectar
What do the insects gain from nectar?
Sugar and amino acids.
What are the two rewards plants offer?
Nectar and pollen.
What do animals gain from pollen?
Protein and fat
What are the two kinds of attractants plants use?
Odor and color.
What sort of odors do plants use?
Flowery scents (Rose, citrus, etc); pheromones; dung/rotten meat
Why do plants use flowery scents as attractants?
Insects think it’s food.
Why do plants use pheromones as attractants?
They are chemical messages in smell form that promise the insect sex.
Why do plants use dung/rotten meat scents?
It attracts flies/dung Beatles as a pollinator.
What are honey guides?
Color spots of lines that draw attention to nectar/pollen
How does color benefit plants?
Certain colors attract certain pollinators, some colors look special to insects who can see ultraviolet patterns.
Give some specific structural adaptations for plants to aid in pollination.
Landing platforms, upside down flowers, long nectar tubes, force mechanisms, traps, mimicry
What is apomixis
Embryo formation without fertilization. NO MALES NEEDED
How does apomixis work?
Megasporocyte goes through mitosis instead of meiosis, and makes a diploid egg cell and two polar nuclei.
What is the adaptive advantage of apomixis?
Plant doesn’t have to live near other plants of its same species.
What is a tomato considered botanically?
A fruit.
What is the definition of a fruit?
A ripened and usually fertilized ovary.
What is pericarp?
The wall of the fruit, it consist of three distinct regions.
What are the three regions of the pericarp?
Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp
What is the exocarp
The skin of the fruit
What is the mesocarp
Tissue between the exocarp and endocarp
What is the endocarp
Inner boundary surrounding the seeds. May not be distinguishable from the mesocarp.
Simple fruits
Develop from a flower with a single carpel/pistil, or fused carpels.
Fleshy fruits
Mesocarp is fleshy at maturity.
What are the simple fleshy fruits?
Drupe, berry, hesperidium, pepo, pome
Drupe
Single seed enclosed by a stony endocarp/pit. Usually develops from a flower with a superior ovary containing a single ovule.
Berry
Develop from a compound ovary and usually have more than one seed. Mesocarp is difficult to distinguish from the endocarp as they are fleshy. Thin skin, soft pericarp.
Hesperidium
Modified berries with tough, leathery covering that contains oil gland. The fleshy/juicy section are called carpels.
Pepo
develop from flowers with inferior ovaries, have a tough rind.
Pome
Most of the flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube that grows around the ovary.
What is an example of a drupe?
Plum, olives, pecans, coconuts, cherries, peaches
What is an example of a berry?
Peppers, tomatoes, grapes, pomegranates, avocado, berry
What is an example of a hesperidium
Citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits
What is an example of a pepo
Pumpkin, squash, watermelon, cucumber
What is an example of a pome
Apple, pear
What is an aggregate?
A fruit that develops from a single flower with multiple pistils
What is a multiple fruit?
Develops from multiple flowers on a single inflorescence.
What is an example of an aggregate?
Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries
What is an example of a multiple fruit
Pineapple, fig, Osage oranges
Dehiscent
Dry fruits that split at maturity
What are the two kinds of dry fruits?
Dehiscent and indehiscent
What are the four Dehiscent fruits?
Follicle, legume, silique, capsule
Indehiscent
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity
What are the four indehiscent fruits?
Achene, nut, grain, samara
Follicle
Splits along one side/Seam only, exposing seeds within
Legume
Splits along two seams
Silique
Splits along two side seams but seeds are on a central partition
Capsule
Most common, have at least two carpels that split in various ways.
Achene
Only the base of the seed is attached to the pericarp
Nut
One seed fruit, hard and thick pericarp, develops with bracts at the base like acorns.
Grain
Pericarp and seed are united and can’t be separated.
Samara
Pericarp surrounds the seed extends out as a wing
What is fruit and seed dispersal?
The way fruits/seeds get scattered
What are the five adaptations for dispersal by wind?
Curved wing, inflated sacs, plumes, cotton/willowy hairs, tiny seeds
What are the 2 adaptations for dispersal by animals?
Laxatives, hooks/barbs
Laxatives
Speeds the passage of seed up through digestive system. Some seeds will not germinate unless they have passed through digestive acid.
Why is passing through a digestive track an advantage.
Baby plant won’t grow immediately near its parents, reducing competition.
Hooks/barbs
Stick to the fur off animals, the seeds drop off someplace else.
What are the two adaptations for water dispersal
Inflated/buoyant sacks, thick/waxy coverings.
Inflated/buoyant sacks
Sacks are full of air and will float large distances until they reach a suitable habitat
Thick/waxy covering
Stops the seed from germinating in the ocean, and get stripped off as the seed is tossed in the surf
Mechanical/splitting action
Seed capsules will launch their seeds in response to body heat, drying out, humidity changes, etc.
Hilum
Point where ovule attaches to ovary wall
Micropyle
Ting pore next to the ovule. Where the sperm entered the ovary.
Seed coat
Covering of the seed
Embryo
Cotyledons and immature plant inside the seed.
Cotyledons
Seed leaves, store food.
Epicotyl
Short stem axis above the cotyledons
Hypocotyl
Stem axis below the cotyledons
Radicle
Embryonic root
Plumule
Embryonic shoot with immature leaves
Viable
Capable of germination
Dormancy
Sleeping seed won’t germinate
What are the two kinds of dormancy?
Mechanical and physiological.
What is mechanical dormancy?
Suberin
What is physiological dormancy?
Abscisic acid, chemical
What are the four ways to break dormancy?
Scarification, after-ripening, stratification, environmental regulation
Scarification
Nicking or breaking seed coat
After ripening
Embryo needs further development, seed will not germinate in freshly fallen fruit.
Stratification
Cold temperature treatment
Environmental regulation
Amount of available water and oxygen has an impact, as does light.
