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ZoBot > Unit 4 Botany pt. 2 (not Plant Reproduction) > Flashcards

Unit 4 Botany pt. 2 (not Plant Reproduction) Flashcards

0
Q

Why are plants different from animals?

A

Plants photosynthesize, plant cells have cell wall, plants have chloroplast, animals have lysosomes.

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1
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A

Animalia, Protista, plantae, fungi, bacteria/monera

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2
Q

Why are plants different from bacteria?

A

Plants make their own food (autotroph), while fungi are heterotrophs (decompose other food), plants can photosynthesize, plants have cell walls with cellulose, fungi have cell walls made of chitin.

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3
Q

What separates plants from algae/Protista

A

Plants have stomata, algae does not. Algae are almost exclusive to water, plants are mainly terrestrial. All plants are multi-cellular, most algae are unicellular. Plants use spores and alternation of generations to reproduce.

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4
Q

What are the levels of classification hierarchy for everything EXCEPT plants?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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5
Q

What is the classification hierarchy for PLANTS ONLY?

A

Kingdom, DIVISION, class, order, genus, species.

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6
Q

How does the classification hierarchy differ in plants?

A

Has divisions instead of phylum.

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7
Q

How do you write a scientific name?

A

Genus + species, then either underlined or italicized.

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8
Q

What major grouping is Hepatophyta in?

A

Non-vascular and seedless

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9
Q

What is the dominant phase of hepatophyta?

A

Gametophyte phase.

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10
Q

What division is the earliest land plant?

A

Hepatophyta

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11
Q

What is an example of hepatophyta?

A

Liverworts

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12
Q

What major grouping is anthocerophyta in?

A

Non vascular and seedless.

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13
Q

What is the dominant phase of anthocerophyta?

A

Gametophyte phase

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14
Q

What is an example of anthocerophyta?

A

Hornworts

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15
Q

What division has no true root, stem, leaf, or flowers?

A

Anthocerophyta

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16
Q

What division is bryophyta in?

A

Non vascular and seedless

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17
Q

What is the dominant phase of bryophyta?

A

Gametophyte

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18
Q

What is the first division with stems?

A

Bryophyta

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19
Q

What is an example of bryophyta

A

Mosses

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20
Q

What are the three non vascular and seedless divisions?

A

Hepatophyta, anthocerophyta, and bryophyta

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21
Q

What are the two vascular and seedless divisions?

A

Lycophyta and pteridophyta

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22
Q

What major grouping is lycophyta in?

A

Vascular and seedless

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23
Q

What major grouping is pteridophyta in?

A

Vascular and seedless

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24
Q

What is the dominant phase of lycophyta?

A

Sporophyte

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25
Q

What is the dominant phase of pteridophyta

A

Sporophyte phase

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26
Q

What is an example of lycophyta

A

Club mosses, ground cedar

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27
Q

What division had the first roots and stems?

A

Lycophyta

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28
Q

Which division has sideways stems?

A

Pteridophyta

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29
Q

What is an example of pteridophyta

A

Fern

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30
Q

What are the four divisions in the vascular with naked seeds major group (aka gymnosperms)

A

Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta

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31
Q

What is an example of pinophyta

A

Conifers or pine trees

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32
Q

What division has needle shaped leaves

A

Pinophyta

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33
Q

What is the dominant phase of pinophyta

A

Sporophyte

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34
Q

What is an example of cycadophyta

A

Cycads

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35
Q

What divisions have separate genders on separate plants?

A

Gnetophyta and ginkophyta

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36
Q

What is the major phase of cycadophyta

A

Sporophyte

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37
Q

What is the dominant phase of gnetophyta

A

Sporophyte

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38
Q

What division is a junk drawer of plants?

A

Gnetophyta

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39
Q

What is the dominant phase of ginkophyta,

A

Sporophyte

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40
Q

What is an example of ginkophyta

A

Ginko

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41
Q

What division has fan shaped leaves and fleshy seeds

A

Ginkophyta

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42
Q

What division is vascular with enclosed seeds (angiosperms)

A

Anthophyta

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43
Q

What is an example of Anthophyta?

A

Flowering plants

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44
Q

What division has flowers and fruits?

A

Anthophyta

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45
Q

What is the most diverse division?

A

Anthophyta

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46
Q

Where is pinophyta located?

A

Northern hemisphere.

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47
Q

What is the appearance of a pinophyte’s leaves?

A

Needle shaped

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48
Q

What is a fascicle

A

A bundle of 2-5 pinophyta leaflets

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49
Q

Describe pinophyta’ native environment

A

Cold, snowy, dry, windy

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50
Q

What is the dominant phase of Anthophyta?

A

Sporophyte

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51
Q

What divisions are sporophyte dominant?

A

Pinophyta, cycadophyta, gnetophyta, ginkophyta, and Anthophyta

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52
Q

Why do pine trees have the hypodermis below the epidermis?

A

The thickened wall prevents water loss.

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53
Q

Why do pine trees have a thick cuticle?

A

Prevents water loss (water is polar, wax is non polar)

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54
Q

Why do pine trees have sunken stomata?

A

It puts a divot in the leaf that the water vapor lost by transpiration collects in, instead of getting blown away by the wind.

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55
Q

Why do pine trees not have any air spaces in the mesophyll?

A

It prevents water loss by the water not being able to fall in the spaces and escape.

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56
Q

Why do pine trees have endodermis around the vascular bundle?

A

Keeps the water inside the xylem and regulates water sharing.

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57
Q

Why do pine trees have resin canals.

A

Prevents water loss by scaring away insects so that they don’t bite the plant and cause a wound.

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58
Q

Why is gymnosperm wood softer than deciduous wood?

A

It is mostly made of tracheids, very few vessels.

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59
Q

Why is extremely thick bark an adaptive advantage for gymnosperms?

A

Insulation from having the water freeze

Protects trees in a flash fire, as the thick bark takes a long time to burn

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60
Q

Why would gymnosperms weave their roots together with the trees nearby?

A

Creates more anchorage

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61
Q

Why would gymnosperms create mycorrhizae?

A

Helps them obtain water and nutrients in the frozen wasteland

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62
Q

What is a pollen cone called?

A

Strobili (male)

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63
Q

What is a seed cone called?

A

Female strobili

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64
Q

What does a pollen cone look like?

A

Papery or membrane scales arranged in a spiral. Very small.

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65
Q

When are pollen comes created?

A

During the spring

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66
Q

Where do pollen cones grow?

A

Tips of branches in clusters of 50+

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67
Q

Where are pollen cones found on a tree?

A

Top of the tree

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68
Q

Describe year one seed cones

A

Immature

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69
Q

Describe year two of seed cones

A

Woody scales open and receive pollen

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70
Q

Describe year three seed cones

A

Scales open and release fully developed seeds

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71
Q

Describe the appearance of seed cones

A

Much larger than pollen cones, scaly

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72
Q

Where are seed cones found on a tree?

A

Bottom of the tree

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73
Q

Why are the seed cones found on the bottom and the pollen cones found on the top?

A

The pollen can blow off the pollen cones and have a better chance of shaking onto the seed cones.

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74
Q

Where is the one place angiosperms do not grow?

A

The arctic.

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75
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of the majority of angiosperms?

A

Autotrophic (create their own food)

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76
Q

What is a dodder?

A

A parasitic angiosperm. Uses haustoria to take food and water from the host’s xylem and phloem.

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77
Q

What is mistletoe?

A

A parasitic angiosperm that steals food from the host plant and it photosynthesizes.

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78
Q

What is saprotrophic?

A

Plant gets nutrition from the absorption of nutrients from dead organic matter.

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79
Q

What is double fertilization regarding plants?

A

2 sperm are released by the pollen spore. Sperm #1 produces the zygote, and sperm #2 produces the endosperm.

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80
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

It is the food the baby plant eats in the seed.

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81
Q

What does angiosperm mean?

A

Vessel seed.

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82
Q

Carpel

A

Fertile, modified leaf. Makes up the vessel.

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83
Q

Where did carpels come from?

A

Leaves that rolled towards the center of the plant to enclose the ovules.

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84
Q

What makes up the pistil?

A

2 or more united carpels.

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85
Q

What does a seed develop from?

A

A fertilized ovule.

86
Q

Where are ovules found?

A

Inside the ovaries.

87
Q

What does an ovary with fertilized ovules develop into?

A

Fruit

88
Q

What does the fruit contain?

A

Seeds

89
Q

What are the two large classes in Anthophyta?

A

Magnoliopsida (dicots) and liliopsida (monocots)

90
Q

What is the difference of monocots an dicots in seeds?

A

Monocots have one cotyledon, dicots have two.

91
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding flower parts?

A

Dicots have flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5, dicots have them in multiples of 3.

92
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding leaf vein pattern?

A

Dicots have netted veins, dicots have parallel veins.

93
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding root cross section?

A

Dicots have x shaped xylem, dicots have ring shaped vascular cylinders with pith in the center.

94
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding stem cross section?

A

Dicots have candy corn vascular bundles in rings around the stem, monocots have smiled faced vascular bundles scattered in the stem.

95
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots regarding the pollen grain?

A

Dicots have 3 holes, monocots have 1 hole.

96
Q

Peduncle

A

Stalk of the FLOWER.

97
Q

Receptacle

A

Swollen tip of the peduncle, is where the flower attaches to the peduncle.

98
Q

Sepals

A

The little leafy looking things at the base of the flower.

99
Q

Calyx

A

All of the little leafy things at the bottom of the flower. Made up of all the sepals.

100
Q

Petal

A

Flower… Petal…

101
Q

Corolla

A

All the flower petals together.

102
Q

Stamen is made of what two parts?

A

Anther and filament.

103
Q

Anther

A

Makes Sperm and pollen

104
Q

Where is the anther located?

A

Top of the filament

105
Q

Filament

A

Holds up the anther

106
Q

Pistil

A

Female reproductive part, made of fused carpels.

107
Q

What three parts make up the pistil?

A

Stigma, style, ovary.

108
Q

Stigma

A

Sticky, catches pollen.

109
Q

Style

A

Holds the stigma up

110
Q

Ovary

A

Houses the ovules

111
Q

Perianth

A

Name for the sepals and petals combined.

112
Q

Complete flower

A

Has sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil(carpels)

113
Q

Incomplete flower

A

Missing one or more of the four flower parts

114
Q

Four flower parts

A

Stamen, pistil, sepals, petals

115
Q

Perfect flower

A

Has stamen and pistil, is bisexual

116
Q

Imperfect flower

A

Has stamen OR pistil, is not bisexual.

117
Q

Staminate

A

Imperfect flower lacking the pistil.

118
Q

Carpellate

A

Imperfect flower lacking stamens

119
Q

Monoecious

A

Staminate and Carpellate flowers on the same plants. (Bisexual plant, not bisexual flowers)

120
Q

Dioecious

A

Staminate and Carpellate flowers found on separate plants. (Non bisexual plant and non bisexual flowers)

121
Q

What kind of pollination takes place in dioecious species?

A

Cross

122
Q

Superior ovary position

A

Ovary is above the receptacle.

123
Q

Inferior ovary position

A

Ovary is below the receptacle

124
Q

Inflorescences

A

Cluster of flowers all attached to the same peduncle

125
Q

Pedicel

A

The little “stem” of each flower in an inflorescent bunch. Attached to the main peduncle.

126
Q

Haploid

A

Cells with only one set of chromosomes.

127
Q

Sporophyte phase

A

Diploid cells

128
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid cells

129
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Plants alternation between sporophyte and gametophyte phase.

130
Q

What are the three pollination vectors?

A

Wind, water, animals (bees, bats, birds, etc)

131
Q

Which pollination vector is most efficient?

A

Animals, they are more accurate and likely to go from one flower to another flower of the same species.

132
Q

What are the three adaptive strategies for plant pollination?

A

Rewards, attractants, and specific structural adaptations.

133
Q

What do nectaries do?

A

They produce nectar

134
Q

What do the insects gain from nectar?

A

Sugar and amino acids.

135
Q

What are the two rewards plants offer?

A

Nectar and pollen.

136
Q

What do animals gain from pollen?

A

Protein and fat

137
Q

What are the two kinds of attractants plants use?

A

Odor and color.

138
Q

What sort of odors do plants use?

A

Flowery scents (Rose, citrus, etc); pheromones; dung/rotten meat

139
Q

Why do plants use flowery scents as attractants?

A

Insects think it’s food.

140
Q

Why do plants use pheromones as attractants?

A

They are chemical messages in smell form that promise the insect sex.

141
Q

Why do plants use dung/rotten meat scents?

A

It attracts flies/dung Beatles as a pollinator.

142
Q

What are honey guides?

A

Color spots of lines that draw attention to nectar/pollen

143
Q

How does color benefit plants?

A

Certain colors attract certain pollinators, some colors look special to insects who can see ultraviolet patterns.

144
Q

Give some specific structural adaptations for plants to aid in pollination.

A

Landing platforms, upside down flowers, long nectar tubes, force mechanisms, traps, mimicry

145
Q

What is apomixis

A

Embryo formation without fertilization. NO MALES NEEDED

146
Q

How does apomixis work?

A

Megasporocyte goes through mitosis instead of meiosis, and makes a diploid egg cell and two polar nuclei.

147
Q

What is the adaptive advantage of apomixis?

A

Plant doesn’t have to live near other plants of its same species.

148
Q

What is a tomato considered botanically?

A

A fruit.

149
Q

What is the definition of a fruit?

A

A ripened and usually fertilized ovary.

150
Q

What is pericarp?

A

The wall of the fruit, it consist of three distinct regions.

151
Q

What are the three regions of the pericarp?

A

Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp

152
Q

What is the exocarp

A

The skin of the fruit

153
Q

What is the mesocarp

A

Tissue between the exocarp and endocarp

154
Q

What is the endocarp

A

Inner boundary surrounding the seeds. May not be distinguishable from the mesocarp.

155
Q

Simple fruits

A

Develop from a flower with a single carpel/pistil, or fused carpels.

156
Q

Fleshy fruits

A

Mesocarp is fleshy at maturity.

157
Q

What are the simple fleshy fruits?

A

Drupe, berry, hesperidium, pepo, pome

158
Q

Drupe

A

Single seed enclosed by a stony endocarp/pit. Usually develops from a flower with a superior ovary containing a single ovule.

159
Q

Berry

A

Develop from a compound ovary and usually have more than one seed. Mesocarp is difficult to distinguish from the endocarp as they are fleshy. Thin skin, soft pericarp.

160
Q

Hesperidium

A

Modified berries with tough, leathery covering that contains oil gland. The fleshy/juicy section are called carpels.

161
Q

Pepo

A

develop from flowers with inferior ovaries, have a tough rind.

162
Q

Pome

A

Most of the flesh comes from the enlarged floral tube that grows around the ovary.

163
Q

What is an example of a drupe?

A

Plum, olives, pecans, coconuts, cherries, peaches

164
Q

What is an example of a berry?

A

Peppers, tomatoes, grapes, pomegranates, avocado, berry

165
Q

What is an example of a hesperidium

A

Citrus fruits, oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits

166
Q

What is an example of a pepo

A

Pumpkin, squash, watermelon, cucumber

167
Q

What is an example of a pome

A

Apple, pear

168
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

A fruit that develops from a single flower with multiple pistils

169
Q

What is a multiple fruit?

A

Develops from multiple flowers on a single inflorescence.

170
Q

What is an example of an aggregate?

A

Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries

171
Q

What is an example of a multiple fruit

A

Pineapple, fig, Osage oranges

172
Q

Dehiscent

A

Dry fruits that split at maturity

173
Q

What are the two kinds of dry fruits?

A

Dehiscent and indehiscent

174
Q

What are the four Dehiscent fruits?

A

Follicle, legume, silique, capsule

175
Q

Indehiscent

A

Dry fruits that do not split at maturity

176
Q

What are the four indehiscent fruits?

A

Achene, nut, grain, samara

177
Q

Follicle

A

Splits along one side/Seam only, exposing seeds within

178
Q

Legume

A

Splits along two seams

179
Q

Silique

A

Splits along two side seams but seeds are on a central partition

180
Q

Capsule

A

Most common, have at least two carpels that split in various ways.

181
Q

Achene

A

Only the base of the seed is attached to the pericarp

182
Q

Nut

A

One seed fruit, hard and thick pericarp, develops with bracts at the base like acorns.

183
Q

Grain

A

Pericarp and seed are united and can’t be separated.

184
Q

Samara

A

Pericarp surrounds the seed extends out as a wing

185
Q

What is fruit and seed dispersal?

A

The way fruits/seeds get scattered

186
Q

What are the five adaptations for dispersal by wind?

A

Curved wing, inflated sacs, plumes, cotton/willowy hairs, tiny seeds

187
Q

What are the 2 adaptations for dispersal by animals?

A

Laxatives, hooks/barbs

188
Q

Laxatives

A

Speeds the passage of seed up through digestive system. Some seeds will not germinate unless they have passed through digestive acid.

189
Q

Why is passing through a digestive track an advantage.

A

Baby plant won’t grow immediately near its parents, reducing competition.

190
Q

Hooks/barbs

A

Stick to the fur off animals, the seeds drop off someplace else.

191
Q

What are the two adaptations for water dispersal

A

Inflated/buoyant sacks, thick/waxy coverings.

192
Q

Inflated/buoyant sacks

A

Sacks are full of air and will float large distances until they reach a suitable habitat

193
Q

Thick/waxy covering

A

Stops the seed from germinating in the ocean, and get stripped off as the seed is tossed in the surf

194
Q

Mechanical/splitting action

A

Seed capsules will launch their seeds in response to body heat, drying out, humidity changes, etc.

195
Q

Hilum

A

Point where ovule attaches to ovary wall

196
Q

Micropyle

A

Ting pore next to the ovule. Where the sperm entered the ovary.

197
Q

Seed coat

A

Covering of the seed

198
Q

Embryo

A

Cotyledons and immature plant inside the seed.

199
Q

Cotyledons

A

Seed leaves, store food.

200
Q

Epicotyl

A

Short stem axis above the cotyledons

201
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Stem axis below the cotyledons

202
Q

Radicle

A

Embryonic root

203
Q

Plumule

A

Embryonic shoot with immature leaves

204
Q

Viable

A

Capable of germination

205
Q

Dormancy

A

Sleeping seed won’t germinate

206
Q

What are the two kinds of dormancy?

A

Mechanical and physiological.

207
Q

What is mechanical dormancy?

A

Suberin

208
Q

What is physiological dormancy?

A

Abscisic acid, chemical

209
Q

What are the four ways to break dormancy?

A

Scarification, after-ripening, stratification, environmental regulation

210
Q

Scarification

A

Nicking or breaking seed coat

211
Q

After ripening

A

Embryo needs further development, seed will not germinate in freshly fallen fruit.

212
Q

Stratification

A

Cold temperature treatment

213
Q

Environmental regulation

A

Amount of available water and oxygen has an impact, as does light.

ZoBot (11 decks)

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