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ZoBot > Chordata > Flashcards

Chordata Flashcards

1
Q

Urochordata example

A

Tunicates (sea squirts)

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2
Q

Tunicates (sea squirts) mode of nutrition

A

Filter feeder

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3
Q

What is absent in adult tunicates (sea squirts)

A

Notochord and dorsal tubular nerve cord

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4
Q

Examples of cephalochordata

A

Amphioxus, lancelets

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5
Q

For cephalochordates what stages are the notochord and dorsal tubular cord present?

A

Adult and larval stages

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6
Q

Seven vertebrate classes

A 
Agnatha (which is myxini and caphalospidomorphi combined)
Chondrichthyes 
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
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7
Q

What classes are ectothermic?

A

All except aves and mammalia

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8
Q

What classes are endothermic

A

Aves and mammalia

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9
Q

What classes use external fertilization?

A

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, amphibia

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10
Q

What classes use internal fertilization?

A

Reptilia, aves, mammalia

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11
Q

What classes have 2 chamber hearts?

A

All the fish classes.

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12
Q

What classes have 3 chambered hearts?

A

Amphibia and reptilia

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13
Q

What classes have 4 chambered hearts?

A

Aves and mammalia

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14
Q

Oviparous

A

Egg is laid and young hatch outside mother

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15
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Mother keeps eggs inside her and eggs hatch inside her, then leave

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16
Q

Viviparous

A

Live young are born from mother.

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17
Q

What classes are made of cartilage

A

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes

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18
Q

What classes are made of bone?

A

Osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia

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19
Q

Common name of myxini

A

Hagfish

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20
Q

Common name of cephalospidomorphi

A

Lamprey

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21
Q

Common name of Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish

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22
Q

Common name of Osteichthyes

A

Bony fish

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23
Q

Defining vertebrate characteristics

A

Have vertebra, 2 pair appendages, endoskeleton, 2 body regions (head and trunk), 2 pairs of girdles, 2 Integument layers

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24
Q

What does Agnatha mean?

A

Without jaws

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25
Q

What is the defining thing of the hagfish

A

It’s super slimy

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26
Q

What’s the defining thing of the lamprey

A

It’s REALLY SCARY MOUTH THAT CLAMPS ONTO THINGS

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27
Q

Examples of Chondrichthyes

A

Sharks, skates, Rays

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28
Q

Placoid scales

A

Scales of a shark that point backward, like the teeth do

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29
Q

Enamel

A

Covers shark teeth and scales

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30
Q

What is the function of the shark’s paired pectoral and pelvic fins?

A

Balance

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31
Q

What kind of intestines do sharks have?

A

Spiral intestines

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32
Q

What good are spiral intestines

A

More surface area

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33
Q

What must sharks do to keep water moving over gills and through spiracles?

A

They must keep swimming

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34
Q

Olfactory lobes

A

Part of the brain that identifies smell

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35
Q

Lateral line

A

Line of sensory cells on shark’s side.

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36
Q

What do lateral lines do?

A

Detect sound waves or vibrations.

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37
Q

Ampulla of Lorenzin

A

Jelly filled sacs beneath pores in shark’s head that detect electromagnetic fields and temp changes

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38
Q

What is the sharks reproductive structure xalled

A

Claspers

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39
Q

What are the two kinds of shark reproductive methods

A

Ovoviviparous or oviparous

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40
Q

What are the four major characteristics of chordates?

A

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal pouches (gill slits), post anal tail

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41
Q

What does Osteichthyes mean

A

Bony fish

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42
Q

What are the three Osteichthyes body regions

A

Head trunk tail

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43
Q

What happens to fish scales as the fish grows larger

A

The fish scale also grows larger and gains rings.

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44
Q

Chromatophores

A

Pigment containing cells in the Integument

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45
Q

Pectoral fin

A

Steering, braking

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46
Q

Pelvic fin

A

Braking steering

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47
Q

Caudal fin

A

Propulsion

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48
Q

Dorsal fin

A

Balance

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49
Q

Oral fin

A

Balance

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50
Q

Operculum

A

Bony structure that protects fish gills

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51
Q

Swim bladder

A

Sac filled with gas that controls buoyancy

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52
Q

How many total chambers does a fish heart have

A

4

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53
Q

How many pumping chambers does a fish heart have

A

2

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54
Q

Name the four fish heart chambers

A

Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous arterious

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55
Q

Olfactory lobe

A

Interprets smells

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56
Q

Optic lobe

A

Interprets visual stimuli

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57
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Involuntary body processes

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58
Q

Cerebrum

A

Cognitive functioning

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59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement coordination

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60
Q

Why is spawning in shallow water an advantage?

A

Less predators for young, lots of small organism and vegetation, no currents, warmer

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61
Q

Anadromous

A

Can live in marine and fresh water

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62
Q

What does amphibious mean

A

Living on both sides

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63
Q

2 things that moved amphibians onto land

A

Fewer predators

Less competition

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64
Q

How do amphibians survive the less dense air

A

Stronger muscles, sturdier bones

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65
Q

How do amphibians avoid dessication

A

Internal respiration system
Added keratin to skin
More concentrated, less watery urine

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66
Q

Why did amphibians have to survive water and terrestrial

A

Devonian period had extreme periods of wet and dry

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67
Q

3 major amphibian groups

A

Anurans
Urodelons
Apoda

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68
Q

Apoda example

A

Caecilians

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69
Q

Apoda description

A

Wormlike legless amphibians, live underground

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70
Q

Urodela example

A

Salamanders and newts

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71
Q

Anura example

A

Frogs and toads

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72
Q

Serous gland

A

Skin poison producing gland in amphibians

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73
Q

Three types of Chromatophores in amphibians.

A

Xanthophores
Iridophores
Melanophores

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74
Q

Xanthophores

A

Red orange yellow color. High in dermis

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75
Q

Iridophores

A

Silver light reflecting. Middle dermis.

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76
Q

Melanophores

A

Black or brown. Lower dermis.

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77
Q

What kinds of chambers do frog hearts have

A

2 atria and one ventricle

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78
Q

Pulmonary

A

Pumps blood to lungs (deoxygenated)

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79
Q

Systemic

A

Pumps blood to body (oxygenated)

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80
Q

Amplexus

A

Amphibian mating embrace

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81
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum of frogs

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82
Q

Eustachian tubes

A

Help adjust pressure quickly to maintain balance

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83
Q

How are Eustachian tubes beneficial to amphibians

A

They change from water to air quickly.

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84
Q

Nictitating membrane

A

Waterproof eye covering

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85
Q

Amniotic egg

A

Egg with a porous shell and protective water membrane around little baby

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86
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane around embryo

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87
Q

Yolk sac

A

Enclosed yolk

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88
Q

Allantois

A

Stores embryo waste

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89
Q

Chorion

A

Encloses the entire egg

90
Q

What is special about reptile skin?

A

It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.

91
Q

What are the two purposes of lizard claws,

A

Digging and climbing

92
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm?

A

No

93
Q

What is reptile waste called?

A

Unic acid

94
Q

What does double circulation do?

A

Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

95
Q

What is special about alligator and crocodile hears

A

4 chambers

96
Q

Anapsid

A

No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.

97
Q

Diapsid

A

2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.

98
Q

Synapsids

A

Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.

99
Q

What are the 4 reptile orders

A

Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata

100
Q

Example of rhynchocephalia

A

Tuatara. Only the tuatara.

101
Q

Parietal eye

A

3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.

102
Q

Tortoise habitat

A

Land

103
Q

Turtle habitat

A

Water

104
Q

Carapace

A

Top covering of chelonia

Fused with vertebra and ribs

105
Q

Plastron

A

Ventral or belly of chelonia

106
Q

What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles

A

Low gets males high gets females

107
Q

Squamata examples

A

Lizards and snakes

108
Q

Chelonia examples

A

Turtles and tortoises

109
Q

Describe the snake body covering

A

Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.

110
Q

Jacobson’s organ

A

Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.

111
Q

How do snakes Breathe while eating

A

Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.

112
Q

Viper fangs

A

Tubular fangs that pop out

113
Q

Elapids fangs

A

Short permanently erect fangs

114
Q

What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?

A

Reptiles

115
Q

What is the largest vertebrate groups?

A

Osteichthyes

116
Q

What suggest birds and reptiles are related

A

Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls

117
Q

How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles

A

Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.

118
Q

Paleognathe

A

Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi

119
Q

Neognathe

A

Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.

120
Q

Why are bird bones hollow

A

Aids in flight by making them lighter.

121
Q

Why are bird bones fused with joints

A

Helps strengthen bones

122
Q

What does the keel do

A

Allow for larger pectoral muscles.

123
Q

Why did birds evolve flight

A

New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition

124
Q

Follicle

A

Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.

125
Q

Quill

A

First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It’s hollow.

126
Q

Shaft

A

Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach

127
Q

Barbs

A

First individual branches on each side of shaft

128
Q

Barbules

A

Smaller branches emerging from barbs.

129
Q

Preening

A

Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.

130
Q

Molting

A

Birds replace old feathers.

131
Q

Down feathers

A

Cover nesting birds and provide insulation

132
Q

Contour feather

A

Give Adult bird streamline shape and insulation

133
Q

Flight feather

A

Specialized contour feathers on wings and tail

134
Q

Filoplume

A

Hair like pin feathers

135
Q

Bristle feather

A

Filter out dust before it enters the nostril

136
Q

Powder down feather

A

Tips disintegrate as they grow and release waterproofing powder.

137
Q

What do wing slots do

A

Prevent stalling

138
Q

What two forces does flight require

A

Vertical lifting force and horizontal thrusting force

139
Q

Alula

A

Group of small feathers on the thumb that are slotted

140
Q

Elliptical wings

A

Slotted between primary feathers, broad wings. Found on forest maneuvering birds.

141
Q

High speed wings

A

No wingtip slotting and have a sweep back

142
Q

Soaring wings

A

Long narrow wings that lack wing slots

143
Q

High lift wings

A

Broad wings with wing slots and alulas for birds that carry heavy loads.

144
Q

Route of food through a bird

A

Mouth esophagus crop proventriculus gizzard small intestine large intestine rectum cloaca

145
Q

Salt glands

A

Excrete excess salt since kidneys can’t do that very well

146
Q

Cloaca

A

Releases waste and reproductive matter

147
Q

2 parts of bird stomach

A

Proventriculus and gizzard

148
Q

Bird airway in order

A

Mouth trachea syrinx posterior air sacs parabronchi anterior air sacs

149
Q

Syrinx

A

Bird voice box

150
Q

Parabronchi

A

Bird lungs

151
Q

Why is the bird respiratory arrangement good

A

Gives them a continuous flow of oxygen so that they can make all the ATP they need.

152
Q

Which way does the aorta point on birds?

A

To the right.

153
Q

Which way does the aorta point for mammals?

A

To the left.

154
Q

What stimulates bird migration away from the equator

A

Production of sex hormones

155
Q

Precocial

A

Baby birds covered in down that can function immediately after hatching

156
Q

Altricial

A

Naked helpless baby birds that need to remain in nest

157
Q

How did early mammals survive while dinosaurs were present

A

Lived underground in forest while being nocturnal and eating insects

158
Q

Under hair

A

Dense soft hair for insulation

159
Q

Guard hair

A

Coarse and long hair for protection

160
Q

Vibrissae

A

Modified hair, also called whiskers

161
Q

Quill

A

Modified hair used for protection

162
Q

2 kinds of Sweat gland

A

Eccrine and apocrine

163
Q

Eccrine gland

A

Secretes watery swear fluid to cool the body

164
Q

Apocrine

A

Secretes white or yellowish milky sweat that. Develops dirig puberty.

165
Q

Scent glands

A

Used for communication

166
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Located in follicles, helps keep skin and hair pliable

167
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produces milk

168
Q

Incisors

A

Good for biting and cutting

169
Q

Canines

A

Good for piercing and tearing

170
Q

Premolars

A

Shearing and slicing

171
Q

Molars

A

Crushing and grinding

172
Q

Homodonts

A

All teeth are the same. Like reptiles.

173
Q

Diphyodonts

A

Grow two sets of teeth

174
Q

True horn

A

Hollow keratin sheath around bone core. Not usually shed or branches. Found on sheep or cattle.

175
Q

Antlers

A

Branches, solid bone when mature, shed, covered in skin called velvet while growing. Found on deer.

176
Q

Rhinoceros horn

A

Made of hair.

177
Q

All mammals share what two characteristics

A

Hair at some point

Mammary glands

178
Q

Monotremata

A

Lay eggs. Only three species. Duck billed platypus, echidna.

179
Q

Marsupialia

A

Give birth to immature young that climb into mother’s pouch until they are mature enough to survive outside.

180
Q

Placental mammals

A

Carry unborn in uterus and are nourished by placenta

181
Q

What is special about reptile skin?

A

It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.

182
Q

What are the two purposes of lizard claws,

A

Digging and climbing

183
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm?

A

No

184
Q

What is reptile waste called?

A

Unic acid

185
Q

What does double circulation do?

A

Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

186
Q

What is special about alligator and crocodile hears

A

4 chambers

187
Q

Anapsid

A

No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.

188
Q

Diapsid

A

2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.

189
Q

Synapsids

A

Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.

190
Q

What are the 4 reptile orders

A

Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata

191
Q

Example of rhynchocephalia

A

Tuatara. Only the tuatara.

192
Q

Parietal eye

A

3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.

193
Q

Tortoise habitat

A

Land

194
Q

Turtle habitat

A

Water

195
Q

Carapace

A

Top covering of chelonia

Fused with vertebra and ribs

196
Q

Plastron

A

Ventral or belly of chelonia

197
Q

What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles

A

Low gets males high gets females

198
Q

Squamata examples

A

Lizards and snakes

199
Q

Chelonia examples

A

Turtles and tortoises

200
Q

Describe the snake body covering

A

Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.

201
Q

Jacobson’s organ

A

Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.

202
Q

How do snakes Breathe while eating

A

Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.

203
Q

Viper fangs

A

Tubular fangs that pop out

204
Q

Elapids fangs

A

Short permanently erect fangs

205
Q

What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?

A

Reptiles

206
Q

What is the largest vertebrate groups?

A

Osteichthyes

207
Q

What suggest birds and reptiles are related

A

Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls

208
Q

How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles

A

Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.

209
Q

Paleognathe

A

Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi

210
Q

Neognathe

A

Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.

211
Q

Why are bird bones hollow

A

Aids in flight by making them lighter.

212
Q

Why are bird bones fused with joints

A

Helps strengthen bones

213
Q

What does the keel do

A

Allow for larger pectoral muscles.

214
Q

Why did birds evolve flight

A

New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition

215
Q

Follicle

A

Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.

216
Q

Quill

A

First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It’s hollow.

217
Q

Shaft

A

Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach

218
Q

Barbs

A

First individual branches on each side of shaft

219
Q

Barbules

A

Smaller branches emerging from barbs.

220
Q

Preening

A

Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.

221
Q

Molting

A

Birds replace old feathers.

ZoBot (11 decks)

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