Chordata Flashcards
Urochordata example
Tunicates (sea squirts)
Tunicates (sea squirts) mode of nutrition
Filter feeder
What is absent in adult tunicates (sea squirts)
Notochord and dorsal tubular nerve cord
Examples of cephalochordata
Amphioxus, lancelets
For cephalochordates what stages are the notochord and dorsal tubular cord present?
Adult and larval stages
Seven vertebrate classes
Agnatha (which is myxini and caphalospidomorphi combined) Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
What classes are ectothermic?
All except aves and mammalia
What classes are endothermic
Aves and mammalia
What classes use external fertilization?
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, amphibia
What classes use internal fertilization?
Reptilia, aves, mammalia
What classes have 2 chamber hearts?
All the fish classes.
What classes have 3 chambered hearts?
Amphibia and reptilia
What classes have 4 chambered hearts?
Aves and mammalia
Oviparous
Egg is laid and young hatch outside mother
Ovoviviparous
Mother keeps eggs inside her and eggs hatch inside her, then leave
Viviparous
Live young are born from mother.
What classes are made of cartilage
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes
What classes are made of bone?
Osteichthyes, amphibia, reptilia, aves, mammalia
Common name of myxini
Hagfish
Common name of cephalospidomorphi
Lamprey
Common name of Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish
Common name of Osteichthyes
Bony fish
Defining vertebrate characteristics
Have vertebra, 2 pair appendages, endoskeleton, 2 body regions (head and trunk), 2 pairs of girdles, 2 Integument layers
What does Agnatha mean?
Without jaws
What is the defining thing of the hagfish
It’s super slimy
What’s the defining thing of the lamprey
It’s REALLY SCARY MOUTH THAT CLAMPS ONTO THINGS
Examples of Chondrichthyes
Sharks, skates, Rays
Placoid scales
Scales of a shark that point backward, like the teeth do
Enamel
Covers shark teeth and scales
What is the function of the shark’s paired pectoral and pelvic fins?
Balance
What kind of intestines do sharks have?
Spiral intestines
What good are spiral intestines
More surface area
What must sharks do to keep water moving over gills and through spiracles?
They must keep swimming
Olfactory lobes
Part of the brain that identifies smell
Lateral line
Line of sensory cells on shark’s side.
What do lateral lines do?
Detect sound waves or vibrations.
Ampulla of Lorenzin
Jelly filled sacs beneath pores in shark’s head that detect electromagnetic fields and temp changes
What is the sharks reproductive structure xalled
Claspers
What are the two kinds of shark reproductive methods
Ovoviviparous or oviparous
What are the four major characteristics of chordates?
Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal pouches (gill slits), post anal tail
What does Osteichthyes mean
Bony fish
What are the three Osteichthyes body regions
Head trunk tail
What happens to fish scales as the fish grows larger
The fish scale also grows larger and gains rings.
Chromatophores
Pigment containing cells in the Integument
Pectoral fin
Steering, braking
Pelvic fin
Braking steering
Caudal fin
Propulsion
Dorsal fin
Balance
Oral fin
Balance
Operculum
Bony structure that protects fish gills
Swim bladder
Sac filled with gas that controls buoyancy
How many total chambers does a fish heart have
4
How many pumping chambers does a fish heart have
2
Name the four fish heart chambers
Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous arterious
Olfactory lobe
Interprets smells
Optic lobe
Interprets visual stimuli
Medulla oblongata
Involuntary body processes
Cerebrum
Cognitive functioning
Cerebellum
Movement coordination
Why is spawning in shallow water an advantage?
Less predators for young, lots of small organism and vegetation, no currents, warmer
Anadromous
Can live in marine and fresh water
What does amphibious mean
Living on both sides
2 things that moved amphibians onto land
Fewer predators
Less competition
How do amphibians survive the less dense air
Stronger muscles, sturdier bones
How do amphibians avoid dessication
Internal respiration system
Added keratin to skin
More concentrated, less watery urine
Why did amphibians have to survive water and terrestrial
Devonian period had extreme periods of wet and dry
3 major amphibian groups
Anurans
Urodelons
Apoda
Apoda example
Caecilians
Apoda description
Wormlike legless amphibians, live underground
Urodela example
Salamanders and newts
Anura example
Frogs and toads
Serous gland
Skin poison producing gland in amphibians
Three types of Chromatophores in amphibians.
Xanthophores
Iridophores
Melanophores
Xanthophores
Red orange yellow color. High in dermis
Iridophores
Silver light reflecting. Middle dermis.
Melanophores
Black or brown. Lower dermis.
What kinds of chambers do frog hearts have
2 atria and one ventricle
Pulmonary
Pumps blood to lungs (deoxygenated)
Systemic
Pumps blood to body (oxygenated)
Amplexus
Amphibian mating embrace
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum of frogs
Eustachian tubes
Help adjust pressure quickly to maintain balance
How are Eustachian tubes beneficial to amphibians
They change from water to air quickly.
Nictitating membrane
Waterproof eye covering
Amniotic egg
Egg with a porous shell and protective water membrane around little baby
Amnion
Membrane around embryo
Yolk sac
Enclosed yolk
Allantois
Stores embryo waste
Chorion
Encloses the entire egg
What is special about reptile skin?
It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.
What are the two purposes of lizard claws,
Digging and climbing
Do reptiles have a diaphragm?
No
What is reptile waste called?
Unic acid
What does double circulation do?
Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
What is special about alligator and crocodile hears
4 chambers
Anapsid
No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.
Diapsid
2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.
Synapsids
Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.
What are the 4 reptile orders
Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata
Example of rhynchocephalia
Tuatara. Only the tuatara.
Parietal eye
3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.
Tortoise habitat
Land
Turtle habitat
Water
Carapace
Top covering of chelonia
Fused with vertebra and ribs
Plastron
Ventral or belly of chelonia
What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles
Low gets males high gets females
Squamata examples
Lizards and snakes
Chelonia examples
Turtles and tortoises
Describe the snake body covering
Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.
Jacobson’s organ
Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.
How do snakes Breathe while eating
Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.
Viper fangs
Tubular fangs that pop out
Elapids fangs
Short permanently erect fangs
What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?
Reptiles
What is the largest vertebrate groups?
Osteichthyes
What suggest birds and reptiles are related
Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls
How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles
Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.
Paleognathe
Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi
Neognathe
Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.
Why are bird bones hollow
Aids in flight by making them lighter.
Why are bird bones fused with joints
Helps strengthen bones
What does the keel do
Allow for larger pectoral muscles.
Why did birds evolve flight
New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition
Follicle
Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.
Quill
First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It’s hollow.
Shaft
Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach
Barbs
First individual branches on each side of shaft
Barbules
Smaller branches emerging from barbs.
Preening
Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.
Molting
Birds replace old feathers.
Down feathers
Cover nesting birds and provide insulation
Contour feather
Give Adult bird streamline shape and insulation
Flight feather
Specialized contour feathers on wings and tail
Filoplume
Hair like pin feathers
Bristle feather
Filter out dust before it enters the nostril
Powder down feather
Tips disintegrate as they grow and release waterproofing powder.
What do wing slots do
Prevent stalling
What two forces does flight require
Vertical lifting force and horizontal thrusting force
Alula
Group of small feathers on the thumb that are slotted
Elliptical wings
Slotted between primary feathers, broad wings. Found on forest maneuvering birds.
High speed wings
No wingtip slotting and have a sweep back
Soaring wings
Long narrow wings that lack wing slots
High lift wings
Broad wings with wing slots and alulas for birds that carry heavy loads.
Route of food through a bird
Mouth esophagus crop proventriculus gizzard small intestine large intestine rectum cloaca
Salt glands
Excrete excess salt since kidneys can’t do that very well
Cloaca
Releases waste and reproductive matter
2 parts of bird stomach
Proventriculus and gizzard
Bird airway in order
Mouth trachea syrinx posterior air sacs parabronchi anterior air sacs
Syrinx
Bird voice box
Parabronchi
Bird lungs
Why is the bird respiratory arrangement good
Gives them a continuous flow of oxygen so that they can make all the ATP they need.
Which way does the aorta point on birds?
To the right.
Which way does the aorta point for mammals?
To the left.
What stimulates bird migration away from the equator
Production of sex hormones
Precocial
Baby birds covered in down that can function immediately after hatching
Altricial
Naked helpless baby birds that need to remain in nest
How did early mammals survive while dinosaurs were present
Lived underground in forest while being nocturnal and eating insects
Under hair
Dense soft hair for insulation
Guard hair
Coarse and long hair for protection
Vibrissae
Modified hair, also called whiskers
Quill
Modified hair used for protection
2 kinds of Sweat gland
Eccrine and apocrine
Eccrine gland
Secretes watery swear fluid to cool the body
Apocrine
Secretes white or yellowish milky sweat that. Develops dirig puberty.
Scent glands
Used for communication
Sebaceous gland
Located in follicles, helps keep skin and hair pliable
Mammary glands
Produces milk
Incisors
Good for biting and cutting
Canines
Good for piercing and tearing
Premolars
Shearing and slicing
Molars
Crushing and grinding
Homodonts
All teeth are the same. Like reptiles.
Diphyodonts
Grow two sets of teeth
True horn
Hollow keratin sheath around bone core. Not usually shed or branches. Found on sheep or cattle.
Antlers
Branches, solid bone when mature, shed, covered in skin called velvet while growing. Found on deer.
Rhinoceros horn
Made of hair.
All mammals share what two characteristics
Hair at some point
Mammary glands
Monotremata
Lay eggs. Only three species. Duck billed platypus, echidna.
Marsupialia
Give birth to immature young that climb into mother’s pouch until they are mature enough to survive outside.
Placental mammals
Carry unborn in uterus and are nourished by placenta
What is special about reptile skin?
It is waterproof because of all the keratin in it.
What are the two purposes of lizard claws,
Digging and climbing
Do reptiles have a diaphragm?
No
What is reptile waste called?
Unic acid
What does double circulation do?
Does a better job of separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
What is special about alligator and crocodile hears
4 chambers
Anapsid
No temporal opening. Seen in turtles.
Diapsid
2 pairs of temporal opening. Reptiles and birds.
Synapsids
Single pair of temporal opening. Mammals.
What are the 4 reptile orders
Rhynchocephalia
Crocodilia
Chelonia
Squamata
Example of rhynchocephalia
Tuatara. Only the tuatara.
Parietal eye
3rd eye on top of tuatara head. Detects temperature.
Tortoise habitat
Land
Turtle habitat
Water
Carapace
Top covering of chelonia
Fused with vertebra and ribs
Plastron
Ventral or belly of chelonia
What egg temps get what kinds of babies in turtles
Low gets males high gets females
Squamata examples
Lizards and snakes
Chelonia examples
Turtles and tortoises
Describe the snake body covering
Loose layer of folded skin covered in hard scales.
Jacobson’s organ
Sense organ in snakes that allows them to smell. Tongue brings odor particles tk the two pits in the mouth.
How do snakes Breathe while eating
Have a glottis at the bottom of their mouth.
Viper fangs
Tubular fangs that pop out
Elapids fangs
Short permanently erect fangs
What group of organisms are believed to be the ancestors of birds?
Reptiles
What is the largest vertebrate groups?
Osteichthyes
What suggest birds and reptiles are related
Talons and claws, scales (feathers are modified scales), amniotic eggs, Diapsid skulls
How does archaepteryx support the idea of birds evolving from reptiles
Has reptile bone structure but shows evidence of feathers and wings. Has fused clavicle usually found in birds.
Paleognathe
Flightless birds. Ex: ostrich and kiwi
Neognathe
Flying birds. Like almost every bird I can think of.
Why are bird bones hollow
Aids in flight by making them lighter.
Why are bird bones fused with joints
Helps strengthen bones
What does the keel do
Allow for larger pectoral muscles.
Why did birds evolve flight
New nutritional mode
Defensive and offensive advantages
Reduces competition
Follicle
Pit in bird skin. Area where feather develops.
Quill
First structure that directly emerges from follicle. It’s hollow.
Shaft
Continuation of quill where remaining structures will attach
Barbs
First individual branches on each side of shaft
Barbules
Smaller branches emerging from barbs.
Preening
Birds use beaks to rub their feathers with oil.
Molting
Birds replace old feathers.
