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ZoBot > Porifera And cnidaria > Flashcards

Porifera And cnidaria Flashcards

0
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Eating other organic molecules

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1
Q

What is necessary to be considered an animal?

A

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, lacks rigid cell walls.

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2
Q

Metazoans

A

Multi cellular animals

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3
Q

What is the advantage of being multicellular

A

Can reach a greater size

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4
Q

What is the advantage of a greater size

A

Cheaper to move and maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

Cellular specialization

A

Each cell takes on its own job

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

Cells must depend on each other for survival.

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7
Q

What is the danger of interdependence

A

If one kind of specialized cell dies off the organism may not be able to survive.

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8
Q

Parazoa

A

Includes only phylum Porifera and placozoa

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9
Q

Eumetazoa

A

All other animals, the ones we typically think of.

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10
Q

Mesozoa

A

20-30 celled creatures, cells arranged in two layers. Parasitic, work like animals.

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11
Q

Characteristics of mesozoa

A

Minute, ciliated, wormlike. Very small, all are parasitic in marine animals.

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12
Q

Rhombozoa

A

Live in the kidney of octopi and cuttlefish

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13
Q

Orthonectids

A

Parasite of invertebrates like sea stars. Have sexual and asexual stages.

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14
Q

Plasmodium

A

Part of the asexual reproduction of the orthonectids. Multi nucleated mass which divides to create makes and females.

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15
Q

Why are mesozoans important in the phylogeny of other animals?

A

They’re considered to be the missing link between unicellular and multicellular animals.

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16
Q

Placozoa

A

Contains a single species, trichoplax adhaerens.

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17
Q

Describe the trichoplax adhaerens

A

Plate like body, no symmetry, no organs or systems. Have dorsal epithelium of cover cells and shiny spheres. Ventral epithelium has monociliated cells and nonciliated gland cells.

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18
Q

Trichoplax adhaerens feeding behavior

A

1) glide over prey
2) shoot digestive enzyme on prey
3) absorb

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19
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges, pore bearing

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of sponges?

A

Extreme multicellularity, so they can get really big.

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21
Q

Symmetry of sponges

A

Asymmetrical, some radial

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22
Q

Habitat of sponges

A

All aquatic, the majority marine

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23
Q

Locomotion of sponges

A

Sessile, some can swim

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24
Q

What are sponges lacking?

A

Organs, tissues, systems.

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25
Q

Spongocoel

A

Hollow body of the sponge. Surrounded by cells and spicules in a jellylike layer.

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26
Q

Mesoglea of sponges

A

Jelly like layer that cells and spicules live in, also has collagen.

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27
Q

Spicules

A

Needle like, make up sponges skeleton.

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28
Q

What are spicules made of?

A

Calcium carbonate, silica, collagen

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29
Q

Spongin

A

Made of collagen, gives support

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30
Q

Oscula

A

Large pores that let water out

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31
Q

Ostia

A

Tiny pores that let water in. Connected by canals and chambers in mesoglea.

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32
Q

Why are Ostia smaller than oscula?

A

Many small holes mean better surface area to volume of water ratio.

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33
Q

Pinacocytes

A

Flat, epithelial like cells that cover the outside and some interior surfaces.

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34
Q

Choanocytes/collar cells

A

Have flagella, aid in filter feeding and absorption of food

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35
Q

Archaeocytes

A

Ameboid cells that move in the mesoglea. Break down particles and build new structural elements like spicules and spongin.

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36
Q

Asconoid

A

Simples organization, water comes in dermal pores and into the Spongocoel lined with choanocytes. Usually part of a branched colony.

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37
Q

Syconoids

A

Tubular body, thick walls, have radial canals with choanocytes. Have epithelial cells in the spongocoel. Don’t make branched colonies. Found in classes hexactinellida and calcarea.

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38
Q

Leuconoids

A

Allows largest size, most complex. Form large masses with many oscula. Don’t have ostia, have kill rooms.

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39
Q

Sponge feeding behavior

A

Filter feeders. Suck water through tubes/canals, absorb all food substances. Shoot water back out.

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40
Q

Where does digestion of sponges take place?

A

Directly inside cells. (Intercellular)

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41
Q

How does sponge respiration and excretion take place?

A

Through diffusion

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42
Q

Sponge buds

A

Asexual reproduction, outgrowth of sponge that breaks off and becomes a new sponge.

43
Q

Sponge gemmule

A

Seed like baby that survives harsh environments. Archaeocytes fill mesoglea and spongin and spicules make a tough coating around it.

44
Q

Sponge regeneration

A

Sponges can regrow broken or missing parts

45
Q

Sexual reproduction in sponges

A

Eggs and sperm are produced, sperm released in water, enter another sponge, amoebocyte takes it to egg. Creates a larvae that swims away.

46
Q

Class Calcarea

A

Small size, shallow water, calcium carbonate spicules. 3/4 rayed spicules. All marine, have all three types of canal systems represented.

47
Q

Class Hexactinellida

A

Glass sponges, silicone spicules, deep water dwelling. 6 rayed spicules. All marine, syconoid or leuconoid. Radially symmetrical.

48
Q

Demospongiae

A

Mostly made of spongin, silicone spicules. Deep and shallow water. 95% of sponge species. All marine except 1 family. All leuconoid.

49
Q

Schlerospongiae

A

Hard, spicules of silicone and calcium carbonate, found in deep waters.

50
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Stinging creatures with tentacles

51
Q

What symmetry do cnidarians have

A

Radial

52
Q

What are the key evolutionary advancements of cnidarians

A

Symmetry, tissues

53
Q

Habitat of cnidarians

A

Water, mostly marine, few fresh water. Some live singularly some live in colonies.

54
Q

What germ layers are present in ALL species of cnidarians.

A

Ectoderm and endoderm

55
Q

What germ layer is present in sea anemones

A

Mesoderm

56
Q

Locomotion of cnidarians

A

Mostly sessile

57
Q

Polyp

A

Mainly sessile, tube body, basal disk on aboral end. May be alone or in colonies.

58
Q

What kind of morphism is present in cnidarians?

A

Polymorphism (more than two form),

Dimorphism (2 forms)

59
Q

Basal disk

A

Whole bunch of adhesive glands that help polyp stick to stuff

60
Q

Tetramerous radial symmetry

A

Body parts arranged in fours

61
Q

Oral

A

Region with the mouth

62
Q

Aboral

A

Region without the mouth

63
Q

Cnidarians epidermis

A

Forms from ectoderm, has epithelial muscular cells, interstitial, glands, cnidocyte, and sensory nerve cells.

64
Q

Epitheliomuscular cells

A

Cover, protect, but can also contract for movement. Found only in cnidarians.

65
Q

Interstitial cells

A

Produce all cells except epithiliuscular cells

66
Q

Gland cells

A

Secrete adhesives for attachment and gas bubbles for detachment

67
Q

Gastrodermis

A

Inner layer formed by endoderm

68
Q

Gastrodermal gland cell

A

Secrete digestive enzyme that partly breaks down prey

69
Q

Lining cells

A

Absorb partially digested foods.

70
Q

What kind of digestion do cnidarians have?

A

Extracellular

71
Q

Cnidarian mesoglea

A

Distinct layer between the epidermis. Jellylike material that separates the two tissue layers.

72
Q

Cnidocyte

A

Stinging cell

73
Q

Nematocysts

A

The hard capsule with thread inside. Inside the cnidocyte. This is the part that shoots out.

74
Q

Cnidocil

A

Trigger for the cnidocyte. Triggered by touch. Allows water to enter the cell, increase osmotic pressure, shoots out nematocyst.

75
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Pressure that builds up and shoots out the nematocyst. Caused by water.

76
Q

Paralysis occurs when…

A

The poisons are pumped from the nematocyst capsule and string into the victim’s cells

77
Q

Glutathione

A

Hormone released by damaged cells that trigger feeding response.

78
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Cavity that acts as a stomach for cnidarians. They shove food straight in there.

79
Q

Why is Extracellular digestion an advantage?

A

Can digest prey larger than a single cell.

80
Q

What are cnidarians lacking?

A

Organs and systems.

81
Q

Nerve net

A

Nerves of the cnidarian. Two way system, can send and receive signals both ways.

82
Q

Cnidarians budding

A

Outgrowth of epidermis and gastrodermis which goes tentacles and pops off.

83
Q

Regeneration

A

Regrows missing parts

84
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

Hydra and physalia (Portuguese man of war)

85
Q

Hydrozoa habitat

A

Marine and freshwater. Some live in colonies, others solitary.

86
Q

Pneumatophore

A

Expanded, gas filled sac that help man of war keep afloat

87
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

Flower animals, like coral and sea anemone

88
Q

Anthozoa habitat

A

Marine water, solitary or colony life

89
Q

What stage does Anthozoa lack?

A

Medusa. All polyps.

90
Q

What is special about anthozoas germ layers?

A

Has mesoderm

91
Q

What does mesoderm do?

A

Develop into muscles

92
Q

How are coral ecologically important?

A

Indicator animals, if they die something is bad in the environment.

93
Q

Marginal/fringing reef

A

Runs along beach, not usually larger than a mile.

94
Q

Barrier reef

A

, largest we know of.

95
Q

Atoll

A

Coral reef donut, surrounds a lagoon

96
Q

Septa

A

Separating walls in the mesoglea, help absorb more food.

97
Q

Pharynx

A

Like a throat, leads into gastrovascular cavity. Found in sea anemones.

98
Q

Class Scyphozoa

A

Sea nettles and jellyfish, mostly medusa, polyp is just part of the reproductive cycle. Large jellyfish

99
Q

Scyphozoa habitat

A

Mostly marine

100
Q

Statocyst

A

Detects gravity

101
Q

Ocelli

A

Detects light

102
Q

Manubrium

A

Large tube that is an extension of the mouth. Forms frilly arms.

103
Q

Planula larva

A

What the zygote develops into, becomes a polyp

104
Q

Strobillation

A

Repeated lateral budding. Forms ephyrae.

105
Q

Ephyrae

A

Become medusa after breaking off polyp

106
Q

Class Cubazoa

A

Cube jellyfish, aka dangerous ones. Polyps directly become medusa.

ZoBot (11 decks)

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