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ZoBot > Unit 1 Zoology > Flashcards

Unit 1 Zoology Flashcards

0
Q

How many phyla were present at the end of the Cambrian Explosion?

A

100+

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1
Q

How many major phyla of living multicellular animals exist today?

A

32

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2
Q

What brought about the major body plans?

A

Extensive selection

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3
Q

Protozoan

A

Single cell organism, member of Protista

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4
Q

Metazoan

A

Multicellular, animals.

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5
Q

Protoplasmic

A

Single cell creature that can perform all the same functions of a more complex animal.

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6
Q

Example of protoplasmic

A

Paramecium

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7
Q

Cellular

A

Cells become specialized to work as a whole organism. These cells are incapable of living alone and show division of labor.

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8
Q

Tissue

A

Cells work closely together as a unit to perform a common function.

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9
Q

Example of tissue

A

Heart tissue, a jellyfish.

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10
Q

Organ

A

Many tissues work together in one organ. Usually one type of tissue carries the burden of the organs chief functions while the other tissues perform supportive roles.

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11
Q

Examples of organs

A

Heart, lung, liver

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12
Q

What level do most metazoans operate on?

A

Organs

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13
Q

System/organ system

A

More than one organ works together to achieve a goal or set of goals. Usually operates basic bodily functions.

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14
Q

Example of system/organ system

A

Human, fish, reproductive system

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15
Q

What level do most animals work on?

A

System/organ system

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16
Q

How many organ systems can metazoans exhibit?

A

11

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17
Q

Integumentary

A

Covers and protects the body from external pathogens

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18
Q

Components of integumentary system

A

Skin, hair, fur, feathers, exoskeleton, horns, nails, claws, talons.

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19
Q

Skeletal

A

Support, movement, makes red blood cells, protection

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20
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

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21
Q

Muscular

A

Movement of skeleton, movement of internal organs, movement of blood

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22
Q

Components of muscular system

A

Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle

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23
Q

Digestive

A

Breaks down and absorbs food

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24
Q

Digestive components

A

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas

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25
Q

Respiratory

A

Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.

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26
Q

Respiratory component

A

Lungs, trachea

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27
Q

Circulatory

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients, CO2, nitrogen, hormones, minerals, waste, etc.

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28
Q

Circulatory components

A

Heart, blood vessels, red blood cells, platelets, plasma, lymph

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29
Q

Urinary

A

Filters out waste, collects waste in bladder

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30
Q

Components of urinary

A

Kidney, urinary bladder, associates ducts (ureter, urethra, etc)

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31
Q

Nervous

A

Receives and interprets stimuli, conducts liquid impulses throughout the body

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32
Q

Nervous components

A

Brain, nerves, neurons, spinal chord

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33
Q

Endocrine

A

Regular bodily functions, blood chemistry, chemical communications

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34
Q

Endocrine components

A

Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid

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35
Q

Reproductive

A

Continuation of the species, makes babies.

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36
Q

Reproductive components

A

Testes, ovaries, associates structures

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37
Q

Immune

A

Defend the body against internal pathogens

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38
Q

Immune components

A

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels

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39
Q

What is the advantage of more complex grades of Metazoan organization?

A

They get bigger.

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40
Q

What are the four benefits larger organism have?

A

1) less energy spent per gram of mass used
2) easier to maintain body temperature
3) less energy needed to maintain homeostasis
4) protection

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41
Q

What are the flaws of larger organisms?

A

1) a large animal has less surface area compared to its volume than a smaller animal

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42
Q

What are two solutions to being a larger organism that needs gas exchange?

A

Folding/flattening of organism, circulatory + respiratory system

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43
Q

Copes Law of Phyletic Increase

A

Lineages began with small individuals and eventually evolved into larger forms.

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44
Q

Intercellular

A

Inside the cell

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45
Q

Extracellular

A

Outside the cell

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46
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Tissue fluid surrounding the cells.

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47
Q

Architectural Extracellular structural elements function

A

Provide structure

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48
Q

What are examples of architectural Extracellular structural elements?

A

Collagen fibers and calcium matrix

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49
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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50
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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51
Q

Ectoderm

A

Becomes skin, hair, brain, nerves, spinal chord, exoskeleton, horn, nail, (integumentary and nervous system)

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52
Q

Endoderm

A

Becomes the tube (gastrointestinal)

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53
Q

Mesoderm

A

Becomes lung, heart, everything in middle EXCEPT tube

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54
Q

Epithelial tissue location

A

It lines everything.

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55
Q

How does one identify epithelial tissue?

A

Look for space

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56
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

It provides protection and internal lining, often modified into glands.
All have an underlying basement membrane (condensation of the ground substance of connective tissue)

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57
Q

What is the significance of the basement membrane?

A

This is where the epithelial divides/is born.

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58
Q

How does epithelial tissue receive O2 and nutrients and why?

A

It receives it through diffusion, because blood vessels do not penetrate it.

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59
Q

Simple epithelial

A

Single layered, found in all Metazoa

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60
Q

Stratified epithelial

A

Multi layered, restricted to vertebrates

61
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

A thin sheet of cells.

62
Q

Connective tissue

A

Serves in binding and supportive functions

63
Q

Where is connective tissue located?

A

Everywhere in the body.

64
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

Few cells, many Extracellular fibers, ground substance of matrix that the fibers are embedded in.

65
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Has fibers and both fixed and wandering cells in a syrupy matrix. Few nuclei.

66
Q

Examples of loose connective tissue.

A

Mesentary, adipose

67
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Characterized by densely packed fibers. Several nuclei.

68
Q

Examples of sense connective tissue

A

Ligaments, tendons.

69
Q

What protein is connective tissue made of?

A

Collagen

70
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the animal kingdom?

A

Collagen

71
Q

What are three of the connective tissue/vascular tissue?

A

Blood, lymph, and tissue fluid.

72
Q

What kind of tissue is cartilage?

A

Connective tissue.

73
Q

What kind of tissue is bone?

A

Calcified connective tissue

74
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Most abundant tissue in most animals.

75
Q

What germ layer does muscular tissue originate from?

A

Mesoderm

76
Q

What is the muscle fiber cell specialized for?

A

Movement.

77
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated, fibers are really long, more than one nuclei per cell that are pushed to the side.

78
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, NOT striated, single nuclei in the middle of the cell.

79
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated, separated by intercalary disks, single nucleus per cell.

80
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Only in the heart.

81
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile elements

82
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Unspecialized cytoplasm of muscles.

83
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Receives, conducts, and interprets stimuli

84
Q

Neuron

A

Basic functional unit, conducts impulses

85
Q

Neuroglia

A

Non nervous cells that insulate neuron membranes and serve various supportive functions that support the neurons.

86
Q

Spherical symmetry

A

Any plane that passes through the central point divides the body into mirrored halves.

87
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Any plane passing through the longitudinal axis divides the body into mirrored halves.

88
Q

What two body types usually appear in sessile animals?

A

Radial and spherical.

89
Q

What is an advantage of radial symmetry for sessile organisms?

A

They can attack from all sides.

90
Q

Biradial symmetry

A

When an animal is radial except for some paired feature that allows only two mirrored halves.

91
Q

Animals with radial symmetry

A

Sea stars, sea urchins

92
Q

Animals with biradial symmetry

A

Sea walnuts

93
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

When an organism can be cut down the sagittal plane into two mirrored halves.

94
Q

Which body symmetry usually allows for cephalization?

A

Bilateral symmetry

95
Q

What is cephalization?

A

An animal has all its sensory organs in one central area, and had a head.

96
Q

Animal with bilateral symmetry

A

Humans, most four legged animals.

97
Q

What is the advantage of cephalization?

A

Since all the organs are gathered in one area, usually moving in front of the body, an animal can sense what’s coming before its body gets there.

98
Q

What is advantage of being bilateral?

A

Speedy movement

99
Q

Asymmetry

A

No symmetry.

100
Q

Example of asymmetry

A

Sponges

101
Q

Anterior

A

Head end

102
Q

Posterior

A

Opposite, tail end

103
Q

Dorsal

A

Back side

104
Q

Ventral

A

Front or belly side

105
Q

Medial

A

Midline of the body

106
Q

Lateral

A

To the side

107
Q

Distal

A

Part that’s far from the body

108
Q

Proximal

A

Parts near to the body

109
Q

Frontal plane

A

Divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves

110
Q

Transverse plane

A

Separates anterior and posterior

111
Q

Pectoral

A

Chest region or area supported by forelegs

112
Q

Pelvic

A

Hip region, supported by forelegs.

113
Q

Coelom

A

Tube within a tube

114
Q

What is the major evolutionary innovation of bilateria?

A

Coelom

115
Q

What is the coelom?

A

Fluid filled space around the tube.

116
Q

What are the three ways a coelom helps an organism?

A

1) increased flexibility
2) protects organs and gives them space
3) allows for transportation of molecules and increased surface area by making places to observe

117
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

The movement of worms that aid in burrowing and movement

118
Q

Acoelomate bilateria

A

No body cavity, like flatworms.

119
Q

What do acoelomate creatures have instead?

A

They have a mass of spongey parenchyma cells.

120
Q

Pseudocoelomate bilateria

A

Fake coelom

121
Q

What is pseudocoelomate bilateria missing?

A

An interior lining of mesoderm.

122
Q

What is an example of a pseudocoelomate animal?

A

Nematode

123
Q

Eucoelomate bilateria

A

True coelem

124
Q

What does a eucoelomate have that makes it that?

A

A layer of mesoderm.

125
Q

Schizoceolus

A

Formation involves splitting of mesoderm bands that originate from cells in the blastophore region.

126
Q

What is another word for schizoceolus?

A

Protosomes

127
Q

Enterocoelus

A

Formation comes from pouches of the archenteron or primitive gut.

128
Q

What is another word for Enterocoelus?

A

Deuterosomes

129
Q

Metamerism

A

Segmentation of a body.

130
Q

What is each segment called?

A

Somites or metameres.

131
Q

What are the three goals of taxonomy set forth by systematic zoologist?

A

1) discover all animals
2) discover all past animals and figure out evolution
3) classify animals according to evolutionary relationships.

132
Q

Taxonomy

A

Formal system for naming and classifying species.

133
Q

Systematics

A

Broader science of classifying organisms based on similarity, biogeography, etc.

134
Q

Character

A

Any feature a taxonomists uses to study variation within and among species.

135
Q

Homology

A

Similar characteristics that suggest common ancestry.

136
Q

No homologous or homoplasy

A

Characters that are similar but not related.

137
Q

Phylogeny

A

Based on the study of characters among various species. Relate all living and extinct species.

138
Q

Adaptive zone

A

Created by George Gaylord Simpson. A branch in a family tree represents a distinct adaptive zone, or a distinct way of life. Cause animals from the same area to evolve differently.

139
Q

Cladistics

A

A series of species that share derived characteristics from a clade.

140
Q

Cladogram

A

Nested hierarchy of clades.

141
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Derived characters shared by members of a clade.

142
Q

Derived character states

A

Characters that arose later, not in the ancestral form.

143
Q

Outgroup

A

Shows if a character occurred both within and outside a common ancestor.

144
Q

What animal works on the protoplasmic level?

A

Paramecium

145
Q

What animal works on the cellular level?

A

Sponge

146
Q

What animal works on the tissue level?

A

Jellyfish

147
Q

What animal works on the organ level?

A

Planarian

148
Q

What animal works on the system level?

A

Humans

149
Q

What is the advantage of more complex grades of Metazoan organization?

A

They get bigger.

ZoBot (11 decks)

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