Unit 1 Zoology Flashcards
How many phyla were present at the end of the Cambrian Explosion?
100+
How many major phyla of living multicellular animals exist today?
32
What brought about the major body plans?
Extensive selection
Protozoan
Single cell organism, member of Protista
Metazoan
Multicellular, animals.
Protoplasmic
Single cell creature that can perform all the same functions of a more complex animal.
Example of protoplasmic
Paramecium
Cellular
Cells become specialized to work as a whole organism. These cells are incapable of living alone and show division of labor.
Tissue
Cells work closely together as a unit to perform a common function.
Example of tissue
Heart tissue, a jellyfish.
Organ
Many tissues work together in one organ. Usually one type of tissue carries the burden of the organs chief functions while the other tissues perform supportive roles.
Examples of organs
Heart, lung, liver
What level do most metazoans operate on?
Organs
System/organ system
More than one organ works together to achieve a goal or set of goals. Usually operates basic bodily functions.
Example of system/organ system
Human, fish, reproductive system
What level do most animals work on?
System/organ system
How many organ systems can metazoans exhibit?
11
Integumentary
Covers and protects the body from external pathogens
Components of integumentary system
Skin, hair, fur, feathers, exoskeleton, horns, nails, claws, talons.
Skeletal
Support, movement, makes red blood cells, protection
Components of skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, ligaments
Muscular
Movement of skeleton, movement of internal organs, movement of blood
Components of muscular system
Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle
Digestive
Breaks down and absorbs food
Digestive components
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas
Respiratory
Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
Respiratory component
Lungs, trachea
Circulatory
Transports oxygen, nutrients, CO2, nitrogen, hormones, minerals, waste, etc.
Circulatory components
Heart, blood vessels, red blood cells, platelets, plasma, lymph
Urinary
Filters out waste, collects waste in bladder
Components of urinary
Kidney, urinary bladder, associates ducts (ureter, urethra, etc)
Nervous
Receives and interprets stimuli, conducts liquid impulses throughout the body
Nervous components
Brain, nerves, neurons, spinal chord
Endocrine
Regular bodily functions, blood chemistry, chemical communications
Endocrine components
Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid
Reproductive
Continuation of the species, makes babies.
Reproductive components
Testes, ovaries, associates structures
Immune
Defend the body against internal pathogens
Immune components
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
What is the advantage of more complex grades of Metazoan organization?
They get bigger.
What are the four benefits larger organism have?
1) less energy spent per gram of mass used
2) easier to maintain body temperature
3) less energy needed to maintain homeostasis
4) protection
What are the flaws of larger organisms?
1) a large animal has less surface area compared to its volume than a smaller animal
What are two solutions to being a larger organism that needs gas exchange?
Folding/flattening of organism, circulatory + respiratory system
Copes Law of Phyletic Increase
Lineages began with small individuals and eventually evolved into larger forms.
Intercellular
Inside the cell
Extracellular
Outside the cell
Interstitial fluid
Tissue fluid surrounding the cells.
Architectural Extracellular structural elements function
Provide structure
What are examples of architectural Extracellular structural elements?
Collagen fibers and calcium matrix
Histology
Study of tissues
What are the three germ layers?
Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
Ectoderm
Becomes skin, hair, brain, nerves, spinal chord, exoskeleton, horn, nail, (integumentary and nervous system)
Endoderm
Becomes the tube (gastrointestinal)
Mesoderm
Becomes lung, heart, everything in middle EXCEPT tube
Epithelial tissue location
It lines everything.
How does one identify epithelial tissue?
Look for space
What does epithelial tissue do?
It provides protection and internal lining, often modified into glands.
All have an underlying basement membrane (condensation of the ground substance of connective tissue)
What is the significance of the basement membrane?
This is where the epithelial divides/is born.
How does epithelial tissue receive O2 and nutrients and why?
It receives it through diffusion, because blood vessels do not penetrate it.
Simple epithelial
Single layered, found in all Metazoa