Arthropods And Echinoderms Flashcards
What new structure developed because of the stiffened exoskeleton?
Joints
What two things stiffen the cuticle?
Protein and chitin
What new process arose because of te stiffened exoskeleton?
Molting
What do joints do
Permit flexibility
What does molting do
Allow for continual growth
What kind of coelom do crustaceans have?
A hemocoel
What replaced the hydrostatic skeleton?
Open sinuses
Are motile cilia present in arthropods?
No, everything is muscle drive
What is arthrpodization
Modification of annelid body plan to current body plan.
What kind of coelom do arthropods have?
Eucoelomate
What kind of symmetry do arthropods have?
Bilateral
Where are arthropods found.
Everywhere.
What is the mode of nutrition for arthropods?
All modes present, but especially detrivores.
What kind of body cavity development do arthropods have?
Protostome
Arthropod modes of nutrition
All
Most conspicuous characteristic of arthropod
Exoskeleton
Tagmata
Fused Somites that form specialized groups
Benefits of arthropods to humans
Food, pollination, medicines, textiles
Harmful arthropod effects
Disease transmission, parasites, competitors
What makes up the exoskeleton/cuticle of arthropods
Chitin and protein
Two layers of arthropod cuticle
Epicuticle and procuticle
Epi cuticle
Outer thin layer
Procuticle
Inner thicker layer
What layers make up procuticle
Exo cuticle (secreted before molt), endocuticle (secreted after molt)
Ecdysis
Process of molting
Tracheal system
Tube system that delivers oxygen to cells of terrestrial arthropods
How does tracheal system limit body size
Once a creature surpasses a certain size the amount of tubes needed is too many.
What do aquatic arthropods use to respirate?
Gills
What do compound eyes allow for?
Multiple images to be seen
4 arthropod subphylum
Trilobita, chelicerata, Crustacea, uniramia
Chelicerata characteristics
6 pairs of appendages (fangs, foot hands, and 4 legs); no mandibles or antennae; suck liquid food from prey
Chelicerata nutritional mode
Carnivore or parasite
Chelicerata Tagmata
Cephalothorax
Cephalothorax
Fused head and abdomen
Chelicerae
Fangs.
Pedipalps
Little feet hands
Spider feeding process
Capture in web, bite, inject, drink.
Order araneae
Spiders
Book lungs
Used by spiders, lungs with extra surface area
Rectal gland
Re absorbs water from waste before excretion.
How many spider eyes
Usually 8 simple
Best and worst spider sense
Best is touch/vibration worst is sight
Spinnerets
Creates the web for spiders
Scleroprotein
Hardens web as it leaves the spinneret in spiders.
Silk thread functions for spiders
Egg sacs, reproduction, feeding
Spider mating
Male wraps sperm into web and tries to put it in genital openings of the female which are on her stomach.
Spider benefits
Control pest population
Spider drawbacks
Venomous
Neurotoxin
Found in black widow. Attacks nervous system.
Hemotoxin
Found in brown recluse. Attacks blood.
Order scorpionida
Scorpions
Scorpion habitat
Deserts or dry tropical
Scorpion nutritional mode
Carnivore eat insects and spiders
Scorpion feeding explained
Locate prey by detecting surface waves in sand, grab with cheliped and sting with stingers, use chelicerae to tear apart.
Scorpion body
Appendages attach to cephalothorax. 7 segments on preabdomen. Five segmented postabdomen tail.
Scorpion reproduction
Male does mating dance making female brush against spermatophore
Ovoviviparous
Eggs hatch in mother and eggs leave her body
Vivaporous
No eggs, young grow in mother
Oviparous
Young grow in eggs
Order opiliones
Harvestmen or daddy long legs
Order Acari
Ticks and mites
Acari habitat
Aquatic and terrestrial
Main characteristic of Crustacea
2 pairs of antennae
How many appendages per Somites of Crustacea
1
Biramous
Appendages have two main branches.
Crustacean Tagmata
Head thorax abdomen
Carapace
Specialized cuticle covering of the body. Found in crustaceans.
What three substances are in crustacean cuticle
Chitin protein calcareous material
Serial Homology
Once similar structures that have evolved to serve different task.
First antennae
Touch taste equilibrium
Second antennae
Touch taste
Mandible
Crushing food
First maxilla
Food handling
Cheliped
Offense or defense.
Walking legs
Walk
Second maxillae
Drawing water currents into gills
Maxillipeds
Touch taste food handling
First swimmeret (male)
Transfer soerm
First swimmeret (female)
Creates water current to aerate eggs and carry eggs or young
Uropod and telson
Swimming and egg protection
Hemocoel
Space in crustacean filled with blood
Crustacean muscular system
Striated muscles everywhere.
Flexors
Draw limbs closer to body
Extenders
Straighten limbs out
Abdominal flexors
Allow crayfish to swim backward
Where are mandible muscles located
On sides of the stomach in crustaceans
Crustacean respiratory system
Small ones exchange across leg cuticle, large ones have feathery leg gills
Crustacean circulatory system
Open system.
Ameboid cells
Help function in clotting of crustacean blood.
Hemolymph
Blood
Antennal glands
Base of antennae of crustaceans. Help excrete waste
Maxillary glands
By base of second maxilla. Helps excrete waste.
Crustacean nervous system
Supraesophageal ganglia act as brain. Connect to eyes and antennae.
Subesophageal ganglia join below brain and supply nerves to the mouth, appendages, esophagus, and antennae glands.
Crustacean reproduction
Most are dioecious but some are mono
What triggers ecdysis
Temp change, daylight change
Cardiac stomach in crustaceans
Upper part, has three teeth called gastric mill, grinds up food.
Pyloric stomach in crustaceans.
Second part, filters out food particles.
Subphylum uniramia
Insects, centipede, millipedes
Class Chilopoda
Centipedes. Each have one pair legs per body segment. 2 legs on last segment.
Class Diplopoda
Millipedes, 2 pairs legs per segment
Mode nutrition for centipedes
Carnivore
Nutritional mode millipedes
Saprotrophic or herbivore
Class insecta
Insects. DUH.
Top 4 insect characteristics
Flight
Small size
Well protected and dispersed eggs
Aggressive nature
Insect mode of nutrition
Everything except filter feeders
Three parts of insect thorax
Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
Hindwings
Thin membrane like wings located on metathorax. Good for taking off and flight.
Fore wings
Located on mesothorax. Thick and hard plates, protective.
Foregut
Breaks down food. Mouth Salivary gland Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard
Midgut
Digest and absorbs nutrients.
Stomach
Proventriculus
Gastric ceca (works like a liver)
Hindgut
Absorbs water and excretes.
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Insect circulatory system
Has a heart that pushes blood through dorsal aorta. (Only blood vessel)
Heartbeat uses peristalsis.
Spiracles
Opening on insect abdomen that connects to trachea.
Insect respiration
Spiracles let oxygen into trachea which branch into tracheoles. Reaches cells directly.
Insect excretory system
Malpighian tubules that work like kidneys and rental gland.
Insect nervous system
Have fused ganglia and neurosecratory cells.
Insect sense organs
Sensillum, tympanum, chemoreceptors, simple and compound eyes.
Tympanum
Detect sound from air. Located on metathorax.
Sensillum
Hair like setae. Located on antennae, legs, and body. Detest touch pressure and vibrations.
What do chemoreceptors help with?
Feeding Mating Defense Habitat selection Host detection Chemical repellant
Indirect development
Young do not resemble adults
Two types of indirect development
Holometabolous metamorphosis
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Holometabolous metamorphosis
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Direct development
Young resemble the adult.
Egg- juvenile - adult
Diapause
Period of dormancy in life cycle. Preprogrammed. Happens no matter the conditions.
Hibernation
Winter diapause
Estivation
Summer dormancy
