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ZoBot > Platyhelminthes > Flashcards

Platyhelminthes Flashcards

0
Q

What are the key evolutionary advances of Platyhelminthes?

A

Organs and bilateral symmetry

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1
Q

What is the common name of Platyhelminthes?

A

Flatworms

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2
Q

What kind of coelom does a flatworm have

A

ACoelomate

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3
Q

What is the boy description of a flatworm

A

Flat, non segmented.

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4
Q

Systems present in flatworms

A

Nervous, excretory, digestive

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5
Q

Symmetry of flatworms

A

Bilateral

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6
Q

Are flatworms cephalized

A

Yes

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7
Q

What does triploblastic mean

A

They have all three germ layers

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8
Q

Are roundworms triploblastic

A

Yes

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9
Q

Are flatworms triploblastic

A

Yes

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10
Q

Tegument

A

Outer non cellular covering of flatworms.

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11
Q

What lies beneath the Tegument?

A

The epidermis

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscles in flatworms

A

Circular longitudinal oblique

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13
Q

Where are the gland cells

A

In the epidermis

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14
Q

Do flatworms have a complete or incomplete digestive system

A

Incomplete

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15
Q

What is an incomplete digestive system

A

No way “out” aka no anus.

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16
Q

What is a complete digestive system.

A

One way in, one way out. Has an anus.

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17
Q

What are the digestive organs of a flatworm

A

Mouth pharynx intestines

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18
Q

What is the nutritional mode of flatworms

A

Mainly carnivores

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19
Q

What is excretion and osmoregulation

A

The waste and water releasing system

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20
Q

Protoneohridia

A

Means first nephridia, aka first kidney.

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21
Q

Flame cells

A

Flagellated cells that collect water

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22
Q

Weir

A

The network of Protoneohridia that form series of tubes that connect with nephridiophores to empty waste.

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23
Q

Nephridiophores

A

Holes that allow waste to be emptied

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24
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neurons found in the anterior end.

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25
Q

Longitudinal nerves

A

1-5 of them run from the ganglia down the length of the body. They are connected by transverse nerves in a ladder pattern.

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26
Q

How do flatworms respirate

A

Respirate through their skin.

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27
Q

Turbellaria

A

Planarians

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28
Q

Trematoda

A

Flukes

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29
Q

Cestoda

A

Tapeworms

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30
Q

Monogenea

A

Parasitic flukes

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31
Q

Planarian habitat

A

Mostly aquatic some on land

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32
Q

Are planarians parasitic

A

No, all non parasitic

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33
Q

What is special about the epidermis of planarians.

A

They have a ciliated epidermis with gland cells that secret mucous.

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34
Q

What does the mucous do for the planarian.

A

It creates more friction for the movement of the planarian.

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35
Q

Circular muscles

A

Contract to become long and skinny

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36
Q

Longitudinal muscles

A

Shorter and girthier

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37
Q

Oblique muscles

A

Allows for twisting and turning

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38
Q

Auricles

A

Sense chemical smell and taste, super sensitive to touch.

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39
Q

When does mucous secretions increase in the planarian?

A

They increase 5x when prey is sensed.

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40
Q

Why do mucous secretions increase?

A

To help trap prey.

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41
Q

What happens to the undigested food in the intestines.

A

It is regurgitated through the mouth.

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42
Q

Ocelli

A

Light sensing

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43
Q

Auricles

A

Sense chemicals smell and taste

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44
Q

Fragmentation/fission

A

Planarian constricts behind the pharynx and splits into two.

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45
Q

Why does fissioning occur

A

Reduced population density

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46
Q

Regeneration

A

Planarian regrows missing parts

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47
Q

Are planarians monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

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48
Q

Genital pore

A

Pore that provides access to the genitals.

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49
Q

Endolecithal

A

Yolk is inside the egg with the zygote.

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50
Q

Which flatworm has Endolecithal eggs

A

Planarians

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51
Q

Mode of nutrition flukes

A

Parasites

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52
Q

Who has thick teguments and suckers?

A

Flukes

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53
Q

Why is a thick Tegument an advantage?

A

Protests flukes from dangerous chemicals in the host body.

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54
Q

What adhesion organs do flukes have

A

Suckers and hooks

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55
Q

What do flukes feed on

A

Host cells, cell fragments, tissue fluids.

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56
Q

What is the nervous system of flukes?

A

Same as planarian.

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57
Q

Why do flukes not have special sensory organs?

A

They don’t hunt for prey they just attach to their host.

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58
Q

Intermediate host

A

Where parasitic organism is still not mature

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59
Q

Definitive host

A

Where parasitic organism lives while an adult.

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60
Q

What happens when two adult flukes meet?

A

They fertilize each other.

61
Q

What adds yolk to the egg of planarians.

A

Vitellaria

62
Q

Ectolecithal

A

Yolk is found outside developing embryo.

63
Q

Miracidium

A

Tiny ciliated larvae inside the fluke egg. They lay dormant until eaten by an organism.

64
Q

Sporocyst

A

Miracidium burrows into organisms tissue and becomes a Sporocyst.

65
Q

Redia

A

Produced when sporocyst reproduce asexually.

66
Q

Cercaria

A

Redia reproduces asexually creating the larval cercaria. (Which can swim)

67
Q

Metacercarial cyst

A

Cercaria will transform into this. Host the larvae for an extended period of time.

68
Q

What happens when the metacercarial cyst reaches the definitive host?

A

It exycyst (leaves cyst) and is an adult fluke.

69
Q

Chinese liver flukes

A

Important to humans because it causes cirrhosis of the liver. Raw fish.

70
Q

Blood fluke

A

Causes schistosomiasis, a blood fluke infection. Penetrate the skin of humans.

71
Q

Tapeworms mode of nutrition

A

Parasitic

72
Q

Who has well developed muscles, no special sense organs, and regular excretory and nervous system?

A

Tapeworms.

73
Q

Scolex

A

Tapeworm head. Knob shape with suckers surrounding it, and ring of hooks at the anterior end.

74
Q

How do tapeworms obtain and digest food?

A

Absorb it through their skin.

75
Q

What covers the body of the tapeworm

A

Microtriches and microvilli. No external cilia.

76
Q

How do microtriches aid in obtaining nutrients from the host?

A

Increase the surface area b

77
Q

Strobila

A

Chain of proglittids that make up the tapeworm body.

78
Q

Proglittid

A

Each is composed of reproductive organs.

79
Q

Germinative zone

A

Area where new proglittids form

80
Q

How are metabolic waste removed in tapeworms?

A

Diffused through body wall.

81
Q

What kind of lecithal development do tapeworms have.

A

Ectolecithal

82
Q

Gravid

A

Proglittid that is filled with eggs.

83
Q

What is the key evolutionary advance of roundworms.

A

Pseudocoelomate

84
Q

Name all pseudocoelomate phylums

A

Just roundworms.

85
Q

Where are roundworms found

A

Everywhere

86
Q

Nutritional mode of nematods

A

Everything except filter feeders.

87
Q

What is the common name of nematoda

A

Roundworms.

88
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Pseudocoel filled with water that is under high pressure.

89
Q

What muscle do roundworms have

A

Longitudinal ONLY

90
Q

How does pseudocoel help with circulation

A

Intersectional fluid allows molecules to move around body.

91
Q

How does organ function get helped by pseudocoel

A

Fluid protects against organs getting smashed.

92
Q

Body wall of roundworms

A

Thick cuticle layer

93
Q

What is the thick cuticle made of

A

Collagen

94
Q

What is beneath the cuticle

A

Epidermis

95
Q

How do roundworms respirate

A

Diffuse through moist body wall.

96
Q

Sensory papillae

A

Receive physical stimuli.

97
Q

Where are sensory papillae.

A

Around the head and tail.

98
Q

Amphids

A

Sensory organs that receive chemical stimuli.

99
Q

Where are amphids found.

A

On the head.

100
Q

Phasmids

A

Amphids but on the posterior.

101
Q

Where is te makes general pore on roundworms.

A

On the posterior.

102
Q

Penial spines

A

Copulatory spines that help attach male to female.

103
Q

Ameboid sperm

A

Help sperm move against high turgor pressure of female.

104
Q

Excretion and osmoregulation of roundworms.

A

Two lateral tubes running longitudinally. Water is let out excretory pore.

105
Q

Ascaris

A

Found in horses and pigs. Enters host through improperly cooked meat. Causes gastrointestinal pain.

106
Q

Hookworms

A

Burrows through host flesh. Causes anemia and delays in children.

107
Q

Filarial worms

A

Live in lymphatic system. Cause elephantiasis.

108
Q

Pinworm

A

Causes anal itching.

109
Q

Trichina

A

Creates a nurse cell and causes muscle paralysis.

110
Q

Nurse cell

A

Cell taken over by a parasite that stops producing for itself and feeds the parasite.

111
Q

Roundworm classes

A

Adenophorea and secernentea

112
Q

Mouth

A

Eating, where food enters.

113
Q

Pharynx

A

Sucks the food in.

114
Q

Intestines.

A

Where the food is extracellularly digested and absorbed.

115
Q

Rectum

A

Where waste collects

116
Q

Anus

A

Where waste leaves.

117
Q

What are roundworms sperm lacking

A

Flagella

118
Q

What is the female roundworms general pore called

A

Vulva

119
Q

Where is the vulva found on the female.

A

In the middle of her ventral surface.

120
Q

What does the cuticle help do

A

Keeps the strong turgor pressure in the roundworm from keeping them from blowing up.

121
Q

What are the symptoms of elephantiasis.

A

Intense swelling rotting of the flesh

122
Q

What level of organization are roundworms and flatworms on

A

The organ level

123
Q

What is fencing

A

When two planarians fight to copulate

124
Q

What is copulation

A

Release of the sperm

125
Q

What special reproductive organ do planarians have.

A

Double penises

126
Q

What do planarians put their eggs in.

A

Cocoons.

127
Q

What is the genital pore

A

Where the sexual organs have access to the outer world.

128
Q

How do planarians reproduce.

A

Stab each other with their penises until one consents to being impregnated.

129
Q

Why do planarians not like being pregnant?

A

It’s rough for their bodies and can lead to death.

130
Q

Do planarians fertilize each other?

A

No, only one gets fertilized.

131
Q

What does the winning planarian do?

A

Creates an enzyme to eat up the sperm in its body.

132
Q

What digestive organs do flukes have?

A

Mouth, pharynx, intestines.

133
Q

What digestive organs do tapeworms have?

A

None.

134
Q

What do flukes lack?

A

Ocelli

135
Q

What does stomach acid do to fluke cyst?

A

It eats up the cyst that covers the lil fluke and wakes it up.

136
Q

Are tapeworms monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

137
Q

Do proglottids have one or both kinds of sex organs?

A

Both, but not at the same time.

138
Q

What sex does each proglottid become first.

A

Male.

139
Q

What sex does each proglottid become second.

A

Female.

140
Q

What happens to the gravid?

A

It reaches the end of the chain and falls off.

141
Q

What happens when the proglottid dries out?

A

It releases eggs.

142
Q

What happens when the tapeworm eggs are eaten.

A

They form cyst in the muscles of the host and wait to be eaten.

143
Q

What happens when cyst are eaten by a definitive host.

A

They hatch and begin the adults life.

144
Q

Examples of roundworms

A

Filarial worms, guinea worms, pinworms.

145
Q

How do roundworms move.

A

One side of the body contracts muscles which causes the other side to bulge and stretch.

146
Q

How many species of roundworms

A

12,000 known

147
Q

How many speculated species of roundworms

A

500,000

148
Q

Where do parasitic roundworms lay eggs.

A

In the feces of the host.

149
Q

What is the major host of ascaris.

A

Pigs.

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