Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZoBot > Unit 2 Botany > Flashcards

Unit 2 Botany Flashcards

0
Q

How many cotyledons does a mono it have?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

Food storage leaf found in seeds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many cotyledons does a dicot have?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the leaf venation of a monocot?

A

Parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How petals does a monocot have?

A

Three, or multiples of 3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the arrangement of the vascular bundles in the stem of a monocot?

A

Scattered, look like faces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the leaf venation of a dicot?

A

Netted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Flower structure of dicot?

A

Multiples of 4 or 5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the vascular bundle arrangement in the stem of dicots?

A

Circular, candy corn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Deciduous

A

Lose all leaves at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Evergreen

A

Occasionally shed a few leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two primary functions of leaves

A

Photosynthesis and transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from leaves in vapor form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three ways leaves vary?

A

Size, shape, texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blade

A

Main flat portion of leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What two plant tissues are found in vascular bundles?

A

Xylem and phloem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the veins on a leaf?

A

The vascular bundles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk that supports blade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a leaf with an absent petiole?

A

Sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Axil

A

Angle between stem and petiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Axillary bud

A

Bud that forms in the axil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stipule

A

Pair of lead like or scale like appendages sometimes found in the axil.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Node

A

Area on stem where leaf attaches to the stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Simple leaf

A

One undivided blade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pinnate veined

A

Single main vain that cuts up middle of the blade with little tiny offshoot veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Palmate veined

A

Several primary veins palm out of the base and have little veins shooting off.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parallel veins

A

Veins run parallel of each other off the base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dichotomous venation

A

Ginkgo leaves, veins fork evenly and progressively from base of blade. Forms a chaotic pattern.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Compound leaves

A

Blade divided into multiple leaflets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pinnately compound

A

Leaflet in pairs along central rachis (central part of compound leaf)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bipinnately compound

A

Leaflets of a pinnately compound leaf subdivided into more leaflets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Palmately compound

A

Leaflets attached at the too of the petiole and radiate outward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Alternate arrangement

A

Spiral, one leaf per node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Opposite arrangement

A

Two leaves per node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Whorled arrangement

A

Three or more leaves per node.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Epidermis

A

Single colorless layer of cells covering the entire leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy layer on epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the cuticle made of?

A

Cutin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stomata

A

Tiny pores on leaf epidermis. Used for gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dicot stomata distribution

A

Mainly on lower epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Monocot stomata arrangement

A

Equal distribution on both surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Aquatic plant stomata distribution

A

Trick question, none. Haha loser.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Guard cells

A

Part of stomata. Curvy, banana shaped, only epidermal cells containing chloroplast. Cell walls are thick but flexible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of stomata

A

Permit gas exchange

Regulate transpiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What controls the opening and closing of guard cells

A

Water content.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What happens when guard cells are inflated.

A

Stomata opens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What happens when guard cells are deflated.

A

Stomata closes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Bulliform cells

A

Large thin walled epidermal cells on either side of the midrib. Make lead fold or roll inward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What triggers bulliform cells

A

Dry weather

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Where are bulliform cells primarily found

A

Monocots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Glands

A

Secrete sticky substance.

Occur as a depression or protuberance (sticks off plant) and on hairs or hair tips.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Mesophyll

A

Literally middle of the leaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Veins

A

System of vascular bundles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Types of mesophyll

A

Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

Tightly packed chloroplast filled cells. (>80% of leaf’s chloroplast)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

Loosely arranged parenchyma, has air space between cells, also has chloroplast. Aids in gas exchange.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens if the moisture level of the mesophyll cells decreases?

A

Pores close.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is special about the mesophyll of monocots?

A

Only one layer exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where are veins located in the leaf?

A

Mesophyll

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Xylem location in leaf

A

More towards upper epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Phloem location in leaf

A

More towards lower epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Bundle sheath

A

Layer of parenchyma and/or fibers that surround veins for protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What kind of plant has parallel veins?

A

Monocot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What kind of plant has branched/netted veins?

A

Dicot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Chemical formula for photosynthesis

A

6CO2+ 6 H2O –sun—> C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where do plants get carbon dioxide?

A

Through stomata.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where do plants get water?

A

Through roots and xylem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Water leaving trough the leaves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules sticking together because they’re all polar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Brief overview of transpiration cohesion theory.

A

Water leaves leafs, making leaf empty, pulls water up from the xylem which pulls water up from the roots, which pulls water from earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the four plastid pigments.

A

Chlorophyll, carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What color is chlorophyll?

A

Green

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

Carotenes and xanthophylls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What color are carotenes?

A

Yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What color are xanthophylls.

A

Pale yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are the two kinds of vacuolar pigments?

A

Anthocyanin and Betacyanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What color are anthocyanins?

A

Red and blue. (Red if cell sap is acid, blue if cell sap is alkaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What color are beta cyanins?

A

Reds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the stimuli that triggers leaf color change?

A

Changing of light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

After the stimuli, what happens to the leaf?

A

The chlorophyll breaks down and disappears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

How come the other colors show over chlorophyll when leaves change color?

A

The chlorophyll disappears.

82
Q

What is abscission?

A

The process of leaves being shed and cut off.

83
Q

When do deciduous leaves drop in temperate climates?

A

The fall.

84
Q

When do deciduous leaves drop in tropical climates?

A

Dry season.

85
Q

Why do evergreens never lose all their leaves?

A

They shed them in small amounts around the year.

86
Q

What does senescence mean?

A

Aging of a lead until death.

87
Q

Why is lead abscission an adaptive advantage?

A

Can’t use the frozen water, so photosynthesis.

Trees can break from the leaves getting too heavy while being covered in snow.

88
Q

What causes abscission?

A

Temperature drop, water drop, or damage to a leaf.

89
Q

What is the hormone produced in abscission?

A

Ethylene.

90
Q

Where do the leaves abscission at?

A

The node

91
Q

What are the two layers in the abscission zone called?

A

Protective layer and separation layer.

92
Q

What is the area where abscission takes place called?

A

Abscission zone.

93
Q

What does the protective layer do?

A

Acts as a scab, keeps water in.

94
Q

What is the abscission layer made of?

A

Suberin

95
Q

What is the separation layer?

A

Layer where cells separate.

96
Q

What does ethylene do?

A

Triggers production of pectenase.

97
Q

What does pectenase do?

A

Eats the pectin from the middle lamella.

98
Q

What part of the leaf is left holding onto the tree after abscission?

A

The vascular bundle.

99
Q

What ultimately breaks the leaf off the tree?

A

Wind/rain breaks the vascular bundle.

100
Q

What are tendrils.

A

Specialized leaves that climb towards the sun quickly.

101
Q

What kinds of plants have tendrils?

A

Potato vines, greenbriars, clematis, peas, squashes, melons, cucumbers.

102
Q

How do tendrils work?

A

Contact with tendril causes a sudden and rapid growth on the other side of the tendril.

103
Q

What are spines?

A

Modified leaves that repel animals and help plants in dry climates not lose a lot of water.

104
Q

Since plants with spines do not have leaves, where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the stem of the plant.

105
Q

Where are spines found?

A

In the nodes of cacti and other desert plants.

106
Q

What are thorns?

A

Modified stems

107
Q

Where are thorns found?

A

On black locust plants.

108
Q

What are prickles.

A

They are raised epidermal cells

109
Q

Where can prickles be found?

A

On roses and raspberries.

110
Q

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide and water.

111
Q

What do leaves meant for water storage have?

A

Large, thin walled parenchyma cells with extra large vacuoles.

112
Q

What do specialized leaves that store water NOT do?

A

Photosynthesize

113
Q

What are onions, tulip bulbs, garlic, etc?

A

Specialized leaves that store starch, that are used by the plant in the next growing season.

114
Q

What are bracts?

A

Special “floral” leaves found at the base of flowers or a flower stalk to make a flower look bigger.

115
Q

What is an example of a plant with bracts?

A

Poinsettias, safe

116
Q

What are predatory or insect trapping leaves?

A

What the name says. Come on Elise, get it together.

117
Q

Why do all carnivorous plants have chloroplast?

A

They are green, and therefore photosynthesize. Bugs and stuff are just fun vitamins.

118
Q

What are pitcher plants.

A

Predatory plants with nectar secreting glands around the rim to attract insects. Insect falls in, can’t get out, and gets digested by enzymes.

119
Q

Why would the walls of a pitcher plant be coated with wax?

A

To make it slippery and make the bug heavy.

120
Q

Sundews

A

Predatory plants with long, spikey hair structures sticking off the round leaves. Tips of each hair have a sticky fluid oozing off that contains digestive enzymes. The hairs bend inward to trap the prey.

121
Q

What can sundews do that’s special?

A

Detect between protein and in edible material.

122
Q

What other impact do the sticky drops of fluid have other than having digestive enzymes?

A

Attract bugs.

123
Q

Venus flytrap

A

Predatory plant, triggering hairs inside trap cause the bulliforms to stimulate and close.

124
Q

Bladderworts

A

Aquatic predatory plant. Leaves have stomach shaped “bladders” with trapdoors that are triggered by the hairs on the end of each door.

125
Q

What are the three major functions of stems?

A

Transport, storage, support.

126
Q

What are the two places ON THE STEM that apical meristems are located?

A

Apice (tip), axillary buds.

127
Q

Protoderm

A

Primary meristem, forms epidermis.

128
Q

Procambium

A

Primary meristem, forms vascular tissue, PRIMARY xylem and PRIMARY phloem.

129
Q

Ground meristem

A

Primary meristem, forms cortex and/or pith

130
Q

Pith

A

Center of stem, made of parenchyma cells

131
Q

Cortex

A

Tissue between epidermis and vascular tissue. (Also made of parenchyma)

132
Q

What two types of meristematic tissue make SECONDARY tissue?

A

Cork and vascular cambium

133
Q

Tracheid

A

Long spongy cell that overlaps with neighbor. No perforations on the ends.

134
Q

Vessel Elements

A

Has large hole perforations, stacks on top of one another

135
Q

Fiber

A

Long thick walled cell with pointed ends, does at maturity.

136
Q

What do tracheids, fibers, and vessel elements all have in common?

A

All in secondary xylem, all conduct water.

137
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

Long tapered cells with small sieve plates between connecting cells

138
Q

Sieve cells

A

Cell that is connected to an un-nucleared sieve tube element

139
Q

What forms the inner bark of the tree?

A

Old phloem

140
Q

What are sieve tube elements missing

A

Nucleus

141
Q

What is cork cambium made of?

A

Cork and cork parenchyma

142
Q

What is another name for cork cambium?

A

Phellogen

143
Q

What do cork cells get filled with?

A

Suberin

144
Q

When do cork cells get produced?

A

Annually

145
Q

When do cork cells die?

A

Shortly after formation

146
Q

What does the cork make up?

A

Outer bark of plant.

147
Q

What are lenticels?

A

Region of cork cells that allow for gas exchange.

148
Q

Where do lenticels form?

A

Beneath stomata.

149
Q

What are annual plants?

A

Plants which die after one growing season.

150
Q

What kinds of plants are usually annuals?

A

Herbaceous plants

151
Q

What is wood?

A

Secondary xylem tissue.

152
Q

How can you tell the age of a tree?

A

Count the summer +spring rings together.

153
Q

Spring wood

A

Xylem formed early in the season. Large and light in color.

154
Q

Summer wood

A

Xylem formed late in the season. Narrow tubes and dark in color.

155
Q

What is an annual ring?

A

One year’s growth of summer and spring wood.

156
Q

What can be discovered about a tree through it’s rings?

A

Age, insects, injuries, fire history, rainfall

157
Q

What are rays

A

Conductors of nutrients and water laterally

158
Q

What are rays made of?

A

Parenchyma cells that stay alive for over ten years.

159
Q

Xylem rays

A

Carry water laterally

160
Q

Phloem rays

A

Carry sucrose laterally

161
Q

What is shoved into vessels and tracheids to form tylosis?

A

Protoplasts

162
Q

What is a tylosis?

A

Clogged up xylem that’s dead.

163
Q

What do tylosis do visually?

A

Make wood appear dark

164
Q

Heartwood

A

Found at the center of the stem. Used for support. Dark in color.

165
Q

Sapwood

A

Found closer to the vascular cambium, lighter in color, used for conduction of materials.

166
Q

Resin canals

A

Tube like, lined with secretory cells that secrete resin

167
Q

Inner bark

A

Primary and secondary phloem

168
Q

Outer bark

A

Periderm (cork and cork cambium)

169
Q

Laticifers

A

Latex secreting cells, remain living and have multiple nucleuses.

170
Q

Important types of latex

A

Chewing gum, opium, morphine, gloves

171
Q

What do monocot stems not make and why?

A

Don’t make bark because they don’t have vascular or cork cambium.

172
Q

Why are monocots so small?

A

No wood means no support

173
Q

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocots?

A

Scattered smiley faces

174
Q

In vascular bundles where is xylem

A

Towards inside of stem

175
Q

In vascular bundles where is phloem

A

Towards outside of the stem

176
Q

Rhizomes

A

Specialized stem, grow horizontally below ground

177
Q

Runners

A

Horizontal stems that grow horizontally above soil. Produce new plants wherever tips touch the soil.

178
Q

Stolons

A

Start below ground and grow in various directions.

179
Q

Tuber

A

Swollen tip of stolon. Like potatoes.

180
Q

What are the eyes of a tuber?

A

Nodes

181
Q

Bulb

A

Stem covered with fleshy leaves

182
Q

Corm

A

Fleshy stem with papery scale-like leaves.

183
Q

Cactus stems

A

Specialized for photosynthesis. Flat, green, large surface area.

184
Q

Thorns

A

Stems that provide protection from potential herbivores.

185
Q

Tendrils.

A

Specialized stems that let plants climb

186
Q

Wood is primarily made of 60-75% of what?

A

Cellulose

187
Q

What are knots

A

Bases of older branches covered in new growths of wood.

188
Q

Lumber

A

Used in construction

189
Q

Veneer

A

Thin sheets of wood glued to cheap lumber

190
Q

Pulp

A

Used as an additive. Ex: ice cream, cereal, paper, and bread

191
Q

Fuel

A

<10% of timber in the us is used for fuel.

192
Q

How do leaves vary?

A

In size, shape, and texture.

193
Q

Why does corn have a lot of vascular bundles concentrated beneath the epidermis?

A

To support the ears of corn.

194
Q

What are perennials?

A

Plants that return every year.

195
Q

Transport

A

Moves water up from roots and sucrose down from leaves

196
Q

Support

A

Holds entire above ground plant

197
Q

Storage

A

Stems have lots of parenchyma and vacuoles.

198
Q

What do roses NOT have?

A

THORNS

199
Q

What is special about guard cell walls?

A

The walls are thickened, but flexible on the sides by the stomata.

200
Q

Where do glands appear?

A

As depressions, protuberances (stick out) and on hairs or hair tips.

ZoBot (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions