UNIT 4 - AOS 2 Flashcards
global health
the health of populations in a worldwide context that goes beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries.
Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
list 4 types of aid
- emergency/humanitarian
- bilateral
- multilateral
- NGO
emergency/humanitarian aid
- meet the immediate needs affected by crisis
- short term
- providing basic human needs
eg, natural disasters, needing: food + shelter
bilateral aid
- aid from one government to another
- usually to implement program
- consolation with government receiving aid
eg, immunisation or infrastructure programs
multilateral aid
- longterm and reaches those who need it most
- promotes global health to improve health status
- programs which are sustained provide sustainable human development
- usually provided through international organisation e.g., UN
- funding for transitional issues e.g., global warming
NGO aid
- non profit organisation working to promote H + HD, operating seperate from government
- focuses on meeting health needs
- often work in collaboration with government
- have access to rural areas
- provide aid directly to people running development projects e.g., world vision
who is DFAT + what do they provide
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
- promote australians national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction
- through DFAT government provides aid to developing countries
how does australia provide funds fro multilateral aid
through international organisations e.g.. United Nations
who does australia provide provide bilateral aid to and what for
PNG
- for material resources to sustain crops and increase income
list 6 priority areas of aid initiatives
- Infrastructure, Trade Facilitation + International Competitiveness
- Education + Health
- Gender Equality + Empowering Women + Girls
- Effective Governance: Policies, Institutions, Functioning Economies
- Building Resilience: Humanitarian assistance, Disaster, Risk Reduction + Social Protection
- Agriculture Fisheries + Water
Australian aid initiative priority - Education + Health
- critical to improving lives of all people, especially poor
- education to overcome poverty
- health challenges w/ introduction of double burden of disease in developing countries
- health improved by access to :
food, safe water + treatment of illness - education critical to improve healthy behaviours
Australian aid initiative aid priority - Gender Equality + empowering Women + Girls
- lack the same opportunities available for men + boys e.g. education, employment, decisions
- empowering benefits entire community
- due to: higher income, greater levels of income and wealthier families
What is the UN
international organisation whose purpose is to bring all nations of world together to work for peace + development
based on the principles of: justice, human dignity + wellbeing for all people
agencies within UN
- WHO
- UNICEF
- World Bank
- WFP
UN: areas of action
- promoting world peace and security
- promoting human rights
- promoting humanitarian assistance
- promoting social + economic development
UN action areas - Promoting World Peace + Security
- the maintenance of international peace + security
- conflict prevention
- peace making, keeping and building
- peacekeepers: seperate opposing forces
- issue ceasefire: to prevent ongoing conflict
UN action areas - Promoting Human Rights
- universal declaration is document which sets out basic rights + freedoms to which all men + women are entitled to
- governments apart of Un expected to enforce the human rights
- UN works to promote and protect rights
examples of human rights
- freedom from slavery
- equal treatment before law
- security
- freedom
what are human rights
the conditions and entitlements that every human is entitled to regardless of : age, race ,gender , sexual orientation, country, religion
UN action areas - promoting humanitarian assistance
- to developing countries in time of crisis
- provide necessary aid such as food shelter e.g. safe and nutritious food
- coordinate responses e.g., UNICEF
UN action areas - promoting social + economic development
- promoting higher standards of living: full employment, economic/social progress
- identify solutions to economic and social health problems
- UN aims to eradicate poverty + improve well being of all people
what is the UNDP and what do they provide
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
- created sustainable development goals to reduce inequalities in health
- works with developing countries to eradicate extreme poverty
what is the UNICEF what do they provide
UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN FUND
- respond to emergency situations
- develop programs to provide protection for all children, especially those excluded
what is the WFP and what do they provide
WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME
- respond to cris situations to provide food for people to survive
- introduces programme to encourage increased access to food in developing countries
WHO role
direct + coordinate international health within UN
WHO aim
to promote global health and enhance global health security e.g.. with outbreaks
list leadership priorities of WHO (6)
- universal health coverage
- international health regulations
- increasing access to medical products
- social, economic + environmental determinants
- non communicable diseases
- health related millennium development goals
who priorities - universal health coverage
- access to services to achieve good health
- financial protection to prevent ill health leading to poverty
- requires strong + efficient health system
- access to essential medicines
who priorities - international health regulations
- promotes health security
- help international community + respond to public health risks
who priorities - increasing access to medical products
- equity in public health w/ access to essential, high quality + affordable medical technologies
- improve access to medical products to achieve universal health coverage
eg, supporting governments w/ fundings of medicine
who priorities - social, economic + environmental determinants
- improve health outcomes
- increase healthy life expectancy
- requires actions across determinants associated w/ ill health + inequity
- addressing determinants e.g.. education reduces ill health + promotes good health
who priorities - non communicable diseases
- rise of non communicable diseases = devastating consequences
- threatens to overwhelm health system
- need to be addressed to ensure healthcare is sustainable
who priorities - health related millennium development goals
- world must sustain gains made towards 2015 MDG
- create equal levels of achievement across goals
- health related MDG
- reduce child mortality, improve maternal health and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria + other diseases
Australian aid priority - Infrastructure, trade facilitation + international competitiveness
- improving infrastructure through provision of :
transport, safe water, = health + trade - increases economic development including global trade, achievable through infrastructure
Australian aid priority - Effective governance, policies, institutions and functioning economies
- stable/productive governments = economic growth, trade + health
- build a skilled, productive and healthy workforce for individuals to earn incomes
Australian aid priority - Building resilience: Humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction + social protection
- humanitarian assistance in crisis
- save lives, alleviate suffering + maintain human dignity
- plans for countries to reduce risk of potential disasters
Australian aid priority - Agriculture, Fisheries + water
- provides employment + income for workers
- improves economic development through exporting
- improve management of resources to preserve for future generations
programs - literacy
WE BLOOM - CARE AUSTRALIA (NGO)
- 70% of out of school population is girls
- cambodia, women usually take roles around home rather than education
- girls are less likely to attend school + receive opportunities
IMPLEMENTATION
- australia works w/ those in Cambodia with funds to send girls to school
- provides them w/ opportunities for income + better health
programs - HIV/AIDS
POSITIVE LIVING PROJECT - NGO World Vision
reasons:
- reduce incidence of HIV
- improve care for people living w/ HIV/AIDS
- minimise social/economic impact of illness on individuals, families, communities
implementation:
World Vision runs drop in centre in Port Moresby that offers:
- free testings, information/ initial counselling for people wanting to confirm HIV status
- additional counselling, support and training programs for those HIV positive
programs - malaria
END MALARIA CAMPAIGN - NGO - World Vision
reasons:
- leading cause of death in developing countries
- african countries experience highest rate U5MR
- nearly 200 000 newborn deaths result from mother contracting malaria during pregnancy
implementation:
- working in Uganda to reduce rate of malaria infections during pregnancy
focus includes:
- educating local people in relation to importance of slashing vegetation from around home/ removing environments which promote mosquito breeding
- nets provided to prevent bites at night, which they otherwise couldn’t afford
programs - immunisation
WORLD VISIONS’S TOGETHER FOR CHILD HEALTH PROGRAM - NGO World Vision
reasons:
- lack of knowledge + access to healthcare/immunisation leads to increased prevalence of: diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles increasing morbidity
implementation:
- training + supporting community health workers on importance of immunisation to ensure wellbeing for child and how and when the immunisations can be accessed
list elements of sustainability
- appropriateness
- affordability
- equity
elements of sustainability - appropriateness
- meet the needs of the people it is designed for
- involves local community
- empowers people w/ knowledge + skills
- respect cultural values
elements of sustainability - affordability
- need to be financially sustainable
- affordable implementation
- affordable in long term (little ongoing costs)
- funded by governments or NGO
element of sustainability - equity
- provide communities w/ equal access to services regardless of age, gender or religion
- available to all
- reach the most in need
- focus on those in rural areas to be financially sustainable
oxfam program
to provide humanitarian assistance in crisis
