EXAM DEFINITIONS Flashcards
behavioural determinants - define
- actions or patterns of living of an individual or group
- that impacts on health
- such as: smoking, sexual activity, participation in physical activity, eating practices
Bilateral Aid - define
- where aid is given by one country directly to another
- An example of bilateral aid is when Australia provides aid to east timor
Biological determinants - define
- Factors relating to the body that impact on health
- such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels
Biomedical model of health - define
- Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
- it is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals
- is associated w/ diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease
Burden of Disease - define
- A measure of the impact of disease and injuries
- Specifically it measures the gap between current health status + ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease + disability
- B.O.D is measured in a unit known as DALYS
Determinants of Health - define
- Factors that raise of lower a level of health in a population or individual
- help to explain or predict trends
- and why some groups have better or worse health than others
- may be classified in many ways such as: biological, behavioural, physical environment + social
Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) - define
- a measure of burden of disease
- one DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death
+ time lived w/ illness, disease, injury
Emergency Aid - define
- the rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering
- during and after man made emergencies such as wars and natural disasters such as flood,tsunami or earthquake
- also can be called humanitarian aid
Food Security - deine
- The state in which all people obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly
- through local non emergency sources
Global Health - define
- The health of populations in a worldwide context
- that goes beyond perspectives + concerns of individual countries
- Global Health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide
Health - define
A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)- define
- A measure of B.O.D based on L.E at birth
- BUT including an adjustment for tie spent in poor health.
- It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live
- based on current rates of ill health + mortality
Health Status - define
- An individual or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects
- such as life expectancy, amount of disability + levels of disease risk factor
Human Development - define
- Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and
- Lead productive , creative lives in accord w/ their needs + interests
- it is about Expanding people choices + Enhancing capabilities
- having Access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and
- Participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives.
Human Development Index - define
- A tool developed by the UN
- to measure + rank countries levels of SOCIAL and ECONOMIC development
- provides a single statistic based on three dimensions
1. health 2. education 3. living standards - and four indicators
1. L.E at birth 2. mean years of schooling 3. expected years of schooling 3. GNI per capita
Life Expectancy - define
- an indication of how long a person can expect to live
- it is the number of years of life remaining at a particular age
- if death rates do not change
Mental Dimension of Health - define
- state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his/her own abilities
- can cope w/ the normal stresses of life
- can work productively and fruitfully
- and is able to make a contribution to his/her community
Morbidity - define
- refers to ill health in an individual
- and the levels of ill health in a population or group
Mortality Strata
- WHO classifies countries into 5 mortality strata
- based on the mortality rates of children under 5
- and adult males aged 19-59
The five strata are:
STRATA - CHILD MORTALITY - ADULT MORTALITY
A - very low - very low
B - low - low
C - low - high
D - high - high
E - high - very high
Multilateral Aid - define
- where aid is provided through an international organisation
- such as the world bank, UN or WHO
- Multilateral aid combines donations from a number of countries and then distributes them to recipients
NHPAS define
- a collaborative initiative endorsed by the commonwealth and all state + territory governments
- seeks to focus the health sectors attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of australians
- represent the disease groups with the largest B.O.D and potential costs to the Australian Community
Non Government Organisation Aid define
- NGO’s take different approaches to aid
- which include specific projects or programs
- emergency aid, volunteering, education + development
- the aid provided often focus on communities
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion - define
- An approach to health development by WHO
- attempts to reduce inequities in health
- developed from the social model of health
- defines health promotion as
“the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health” - identifies 3 basic strategies for health promotion
1. enabling
2. mediating
3.advocacy
Physical Dimension of Health - define
- relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems
- includes the physical capacity to perform everyday tasks + physical fitness
Physical Environment - define
- the physical surroundings in which we live, work + play
- includes: water and air, workplaces,housing,roads,nature,schools,recreation settings + exposure to hazards
prevalence - define
- the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition
- present in a population at a given time
social determinants - define
- aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health
- poverty, early life experiences, social networks and support
social development - define
The increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships w/ other people
Social dimension of health - define
- A conceptual framework
- improvements in health + wellbeing are achieved by directing effort towards addressing the social, economic and environmental determinants of health
- model is based on understanding that in order for health gains to occur
- social,economic + environmental determinants must be addressed
Sustainability - define
meeting the needs of the present w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
U5MR - define
- the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age
- per 1000 live births
Values that underpin the health care system
SEECARS SAFE EFFECTIVE EFFICENT CONTINUOUS ACCESSIBLE RESPONSIVE SUSTAINABLE
youth - define
- 12 to 18 years of age
- however, it should be acknowledged that classifications for the stage of youth can differ across agencies
principles of social model
AREAS
- Addresses broader determinants of health
- Reduce social inequities
- Empowers individual/community
- Acts to enable access to health care
- Involves interSectoral collaboration
ottawa charter - strategies
- enabling
- mediating
- advocacy
ottawa charter elements/action areas
bad cats smell dead rats - BCSDR B - build healthy public policy C - create supportive environments S - strengthen community action D - develop personal skills R - reorient health services
VICHEALTH - mission
PRISS
P- promote fairness + opportunity for health
R - recognise that social + economic conditions for all people influence their health
I - in partnership w/ others to promote good health
S - support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces + broader society to improve wellbeing
S - seek to prevent chronic conditions for all victorians
Australian dietary guidelines
- to achieve + maintain a healthy weight, be physically active + choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet energy needs
- enjoy a wide variety nutritious foods from the five food groups everyday + drink plenty of water
- limit intake of foods containing: saturated fats, added salt, sugar and alcohol
- encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
- care for your food, prepare and store safely
SDG 1
no poverty
SDG 2
zero hunger
SDG 3
good health + wellbeing
SDG 4
quality education
SDG 5
gender equality
SDG 6
clean water + sanitation
SDG 8
decent work + economic growth
SDG 16
peace + justice
Australian Government aid priorities
- infrastructure, trade facilitation + international competitiveness
- education + health
- gender equality + empowering women + girls
- effective governance: policies, institutions, functioning economies
- building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction + social protection
- agriculture fisheries + water
UN action areas
- promoting world peace + security
- promoting human rights
- providing humanitarian assistance
- promoting social + economic development
WHO priorities
- universal health coverage
- international health regulations
- increasing access to medical products
- social, economic, environmental determinants
- non communicable diseases
- health related millennium development goals
SHD
a process of people striving to achieve their full potential, lead productive lives, expand their choices + meet their needs w/o compromising the opportunities for future generations
HEALTH/HEALTH STATUS + HD + SUSTAINABILITY =SHD
dimensions of sustainability
- economic
- social
- environmental
elements of sustainability
- appropriateness
- affordability
- equity
global marketing includes ?
- alcohol
- tobacco
- fat processed foods
list NHPAS
Mental health Asthma Diabetes mellitus Dementia Cancer control Obesity arthritis + Musculoskeletal conditions Injury prevention + control Cardiovascular health
define nutrient
a substance that is used by living things to build tissue or provide energy to assist in growth or keeping organism alive
micronutrient
nutrients that are required in small amounts
macronutrient
nutrients that are required in large amounts
kilojules
a measure of energy values in food
basal metabolic rate
amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep body functioning at rest
carbohydrates
provides body w/ energy 16kjs per gram
couples = wholegrain areas, cereal
simple = sugar honey (not sustained)
fibre (carbohydrate)
- add bulk to faeces + prevent constipation
- bread, apples, bran
protein
- the growth, maintenance and repair of body cells
- secondary function: provide energy
- excess causes obesity, deficiency = lower bone density
- red meat, eggs, fish, dairy, soy, chickpeas
fats (all 37 kjs) list good fats
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
fats (all 37 kjs) list bad fats
saturated fats
trans fats
monounsaturated
provides fuel for energy
increase LDL + lowers cholesterol
olive oil, avocado, nuts
polyunsaturated
provides omega 3 + 6
lowers LDL and increases HDL
oily fish, nuts, seeds, canola oil
saturated fats
increases LDL + cholesterol
fatty meats
full cream dairy
trans fats
increases LDL + decreases HDL
processed eg, cakes,pastries,pies
water (not technically a nutrient)
assists with feeling full + weight management
role of vic health
to promote health
vichealth strategic priorities
EATEM
- promote healthy eating
- encourage regular physical activity
- prevent tobacco smoke use
- prevent harm from alcohol
- improve mental wellbeing
medicare - what is it and how is it funded
- universal health care system providing medical care through gp/hospital for little or no cost, irrespective of age or income
funded:
medicare levy, medicare surcharge, taxation
private health insurance + incentives
insurance where members pay premiums for cover of health care not covered by medicare
INCENTIVES
- rebates = 30%
- lifetime heath cover - after 30 pay 2% on premiums
- medicare levy surcharge 1 - 1.5%
VIC HEALTH MISSION
- Promote fair opportunity for better health
- Recognise that social and economic conditions for all people influence health
- In partnership with other to promote good health
- Support initiatives that assist individuals, workplaces and broader society to improve wellbeing
- Seek to prevent chronic conditions for all Victorians
Australian Dietary Guidelines
- to achieve and maintain a health weight, be physically active + choose amounts of nutritious food + drinks to meet your energy needs
- enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five food groups everyday (veggie, fruit, grains, lean meat + poultry, milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives
- limit intake of food containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugar and alcohol
- encourage, support + promote breastfeeding
- care for your food; prepare + store food safely
