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3/4 Health and Human Development > UNIT 3 - AOS 1B > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - AOS 1B Flashcards

1
Q

National Health Priority Areas

A

A collaborative initiative endorsed by the commonwealth and all state territory governments.
The NHPA initiative seeks to focus the health sectors attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of australians
The NHPA”S represent the disease groups with the largest burden of disease and potential costs to the Australian Government

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2
Q

dot points for nhpa definition

A
  1. collaborative imitative endorsed by commonwealth states territory
  2. seeks to focus on health sectors on diseases or conditions that have major impact on health of australians
  3. represent the disease groups with largest BOD and potential costs to australian government
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3
Q

what are the nine NHPAS

A
  1. Mental health
  2. Asthma
  3. Diabetes mellitus
  4. Dementia
  5. Cancer control
  6. Obesity
  7. arthritis and Musculoskeletal conditions
  8. Injury prevention and control
  9. Cardiovascular health
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4
Q

define costs

A

one of the main reasons why each NHPA was selected is due to the cost of illness to an individual and/or community

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5
Q

what are the three types of costs

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect
  3. intangible
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6
Q

direct costs

A
  • easy to measure
  • a direct result of illness
  • eg. medication or treatment
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7
Q

indirect costs

A
  • more difficult to measure in monetary value

- costs to individual/communities as a result of illness but not related directly to illness itself

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8
Q

intangible

A
  • costs which can not be allocated a monetary value
  • reduced to human emotion
  • eg. pain, anxiety and stress
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9
Q

NHPA - mental health

A

relates to a state of well being in which the individual realises their own abilities and can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution to their community.
The initial focus of the NHPA is to combat depression

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10
Q

mental health - reason for selection

A
  • most common non fatal burden of disease

- estimated up to 45% of australians will experience mental illness at some stage of life

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11
Q

list mental health biological factors

A
  • body weight

- chemical imbalance

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12
Q

mental health biological factors - body weight

A

no definitive relationship but obesity could influence eating habits and consequentially mental health

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13
Q

mental health biological factors - chemical imbalance

A

chemical in brain assists in controlling mood.

Suggesting a deficiency in chemical ceratonin may contribute to depression and other illnesses

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14
Q

list mental health behavioural factors

A
  • alcohol misuse

- physical activity

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15
Q

mental health behavioural factors - alcohol misuse

A

there is a relationship between problem drinking and suffering mental illnesses. The casual factor of drinking is a depressant and those with depressive symptoms are more likely to develop alcohol misses as a result of it being a depressant

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16
Q

mental health behavioural factor - physical activity

A

releases hormone type chemicals called endorphins that relieve stress and helps maintain ‘optimal’ mental health.
People who exercise may have lower levels of mental illness

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17
Q

list mental health physical environment factors

A
  • access to recreational facilities

- housing

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18
Q

mental health physical environment factors - access to recreational facilities

A

regular physical activity releases endorphins to help maintain ‘optimal’ mental health.
not having access to facilities therefore may increase the risk of developing or maintaining an illness

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19
Q

mental health physical environment factors - housing

A

living in overcrowded housing can increase psychological distress. Housing that is not adequate or secure can contribute to anxiety and stress

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20
Q

list mental health social factors

A
  • early life experiences

- low ses

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21
Q

mental health social factors - early life experiences

A

loss of parent, divorce or adverse parenting styles may act as a trigger to mental illness

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22
Q

mental health social factors - low ses

A

may have higher rates of mental illness due to higher rates of obesity, alcohol or drug misuse, poverty, lack of security causing anxiety and distress due to possible feeling of lack of control

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23
Q

mental health direct costs

A
  • 8.6% of health care expenditure approx 6.4 billion
  • medication and counselling
  • implementing health promotions
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24
Q

mental health indirect costs

A
  • loss of income if unable to work
  • lost productivity/ social security payments
  • paying for domestic services
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25
Q

mental health intangible costs

A
  • increased feeling of hopelessness, stress, anxiety
  • community: family/friends may have to take time to care for sufferer
  • stress for family of sufferer
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26
Q

mental health - health promotion program

A

THE NATIONAL MENTAL HEALTH STRATEGY
program endorsed by federal,state and territory governments that aim to promote mental health and reduce the impact of mental illness in Australia

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27
Q

NHPA - asthma

A

a condition characterised by inflammation of the airways in response to certain ‘triggers’. These may include: pollen, pet hair, smoke, physical activity.
When exposed to triggers, the airways narrow making it difficult to breathe

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28
Q

asthma - why is it an NHPA

A
  • contributes significantly to overall burden of disease in australia
  • suffered by approx 2.2 million
  • one of the most frequent reasons for hospitalisation for children
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29
Q

list biological determinants - asthma

A
  • genetic predisposition

- excess body weight

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30
Q

asthma biological factors - genetic predisposition

A

people who have a family history of asthma are more likely to develop the condition themselves

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31
Q

asthma biological factors - excess body weight

A

research suggests that individuals who are overweight/ obese have a higher risk of developing asthma

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32
Q

list behavioural determinants - asthma

A
  • smoking
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33
Q

asthma behavioural determinants - smoking

A

increases risk of asthma

Exposure to tobacco smoke in the uterus and during infancy may lead to an increased asthma risk

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34
Q

list physical environment determinants - asthma

A
  • housing

- air quality

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35
Q

asthma physical environment - housing

A

housing that does not have adequate ventilation may increase indoor population and can increase the risk of asthma among inhabitants

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36
Q

asthma physical environment - air quality

A

air pollution is a risk factor for asthma,

Those living in major cities or near industrial areas may increase risk

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37
Q

list social determinants - asthma

A
  • low ses

- early life experiences

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38
Q

asthma social - low ses

A

more likely to have asthma due to higher smoking rates and increased exposure to environmental tobacco smoking

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39
Q

asthma social - early life experiences

A

mothers who smoke during pregnancy may elevate their childs risk of developing asthma

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40
Q

asthma - direct costs

A
  • 700 million on expenditure
  • appointments
  • hospital admissions
  • pharmaceuticals eg. puffer/ ventilator
  • individual co payments
  • ambulance for severe attacks
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41
Q

asthma indirect costs

A
  • lost income of carers to young asthma sufferers
  • lost productivity and taxation revenue
  • financial costs of parent having to stay home
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42
Q

asthma intangible costs

A
  • missing school due to sleep disturbance s
  • increased anxiety if attacks are frequent
  • frustration of unable to participate in physical activity
  • anxiety for parents of young sufferers
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43
Q

asthma - health promotion programs

A
  • ASTHMA FRIENDLY SCHOOLS PROGRAM
  • a joint initiative of Australian Asthma foundation, aiming to reduce potential triggers in school environment and provide education regarding management
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44
Q

NHPA - diabetes mellitus

A

a chronic condition in which the sufferer is unable to utilise blood glucose correctly.
Glucose is the basic unit for energy and required by the body’s cells to maintain normal function. When glucose is not being taken into cells, blood glucose levels are high and cells can not function properly

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45
Q

diabetes - type 1

A

pancreas does not produce enough (if not any) insulin to allow glucose from the body to the cells.
Believed to be a strong genetic link

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46
Q

diabetes - type 2

A

usually occurs in older, overweight individuals.
Pancreas can not produce efficiently use insulin
Being overweight is the greatest link

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47
Q

diabetes - gestational

A

As baby develops, hormones produced to assist in growth, however reduce impact that insulin has on blood glucose levels of mother. The mother may not be able to produce enough insulin to metabolise glucose, which may result in diabetes

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48
Q

Diabetes - why is it an NHPA

A
  • leading contributor to BOD
  • over 850 000 reported having it
  • growing health problem
  • type 2 influenced by modifiable risk factors
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49
Q

list biological determinants - diabetes mellitus

A
  • genetic predisposition

- body weight

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50
Q

diabetes mellitus - biological, genetic predisposition

A

people who have family members that are diabetic have a higher risk of developing over another individual, particularly type 1

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51
Q

diabetes mellitus - biological, body weight

A

being overweight is a risk factor for type 2.

Exact relationship is not fully understood, however it is known to increase the risk of type 2

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52
Q

list behavioural determinants - diabetes mellitus

A
  • dietary behaviour

- tobacco smoking

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53
Q

diabetes mellitus - behavioural, dietary behaviour

A

eating energy dense or high fat diet can contribute to weight gain and is a risk factor of type 2 and gestational diabetes

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54
Q

diabetes mellitus - behavioural, tobacco smoking

A

smoking contributes to higher blood glucose levels and can lead to insulin resistance,
Smokers are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes

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55
Q

list physical environment determinants - diabetes mellitus

A
  • access to recreation facilities

- work environment

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56
Q

diabetes mellitus - physical environment, access to recreational facilities

A

if not accessible, individuals may not get the required amount of physical activity which can increase body weight and obesity contributing to type 2

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57
Q

diabetes mellitus - physical environment - work environment

A

an environment that does not promote incidental physical activity can increase risk of type 2 as it contributes to obesity

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58
Q

list social determinants - diabetes mellitus

A
  • low ses

- food security

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59
Q

diabetes mellitus - social - low ses

A

have higher rates of obesity which is leading cause of gestational and type 2

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60
Q

diabetes mellitus - social - food security

A

people who lack food security are more likely to eat energy dense, processed foods that can increase obesity, contributing to the risk of type 2 and gestational diabetes

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61
Q

diabetes mellitus - direct costs

A

community
- 1.5 billion on management and provided through medicare PBS and private health insurance
individual
- copayments for health services
eg, specialists and medication such as insulin and pump

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62
Q

diabetes mellitus - indirect costs

A 
community 
- social security payments 
- lost productivity and taxation 
individuals 
- paying for carers 
- lost income if unable to work
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63
Q

diabetes mellitus - intangible

A
  • frustration about exercise and diet
  • loss of self esteem
  • anxiety of condition progressing
  • family and friends experiencing anxiety over lifestyle changes or inability to manage
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64
Q

diabetes mellitus - health promotion program

A

THE LIVE LIGHTER CAMPAIGN
an initiative that promotes physical activity and healthy eating in an attempt to decrease obesity rates and associated chronic diseases such as diabetes

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65
Q

NHPA - dementia

A

is not a specific disease but a term used to describe over 100 conditions that are characterised by progressive and irreversible loss of brain function.
As brain function deteriorates, dementia interferes with normal behaviour patterns affecting
-memory
- language
- speech
-attention
-personality

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66
Q

Dementia - why is it an NHPA

A
  • third most common cause of death
  • contributing significantly to morbidity rates
  • fourth largest contributor to burden of disease
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67
Q

list biological determinants - dementia

A
  • age

- genetic predisposition

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68
Q

dementia - biological determinants - age

A

advancing age is the greatest risk factor with rates increasing from ages 65+
doubling approximately every 6 years

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69
Q

dementia - biological determinants - genetic predisposition

A

those with a family history have an increased rate of suffering from dementia

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70
Q

list behavioural determinants - dementia

A
  • lack of mental stimulation

- alcohol consumption

71
Q

dementia - behavioural - lack of mental stimulation

A

those who don’t regularly utilise their memory, attention and problem solving abilities throughout middle age may experience increased rate of dementia

72
Q

dementia - behavioural - alcohol consumption

A

can contribute to specific types including ‘alcohol dementia’ caused by excessive alcohol consumption over an extended period of time

73
Q

list physical environment determinants - dementia

A
  • transport systems

- environmental tobacco smoke

74
Q

dementia - physical environment - transport systems

A

not having access decreases opportunity to socialise with friends/family. Lack of stimulation increases chance of dementia

75
Q

dementia - physical environment - environmental tobacco smoking

A
  • exposure increase risk of CVD by clogging blood vessels and therefore increase risk of vascular dementia
76
Q

list social determinants - dementia

A
  • level of education

- social exclusion

77
Q

dementia - social - level of education

A

this with lower levels may be at higher risk due to less stimulating careers and opportunities

78
Q

dementia - social - social exclusion

A

those who are less socially active than the rest of the population may experience increased rate of dementia

79
Q

dementia - direct costs

A
  • diagnosis and management, due to there not being a cure
  • 60 million on medication through PBS
    individual
  • co payments on medication and appointments
80
Q

dementia - indirect costs

A 
community 
- funded caring = 3 billion 
- reduced productivity 
- residential care funding 
individual 
- co payments on carer or residential services 
- non formal carers of family 
- carers may have to give up jobs
81
Q

dementia - intangible costs

A
  • range of emotions, anger, frustration, fear, despair
  • may not be able to be involved in hobbies
  • family fiends experience loss of remembering relationship and how the person is deteriorating
82
Q

dementia - health promotion program

A

LIVING WITH MEMORY LOSS PROGRAM
Alzheimers Australia provides those in the early stages of dementia (and their family) with a tailored program that includes information and advice to support them

83
Q

NHPA - cancer control

A

A diverse group of diseases in which some of the body cells become defective, begin to multiply out of control, may invade and damage tissue.
The uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells can pose threat to other body parts

84
Q

types of cancer under cancer control

A
  • breast
  • colorectal
  • lung
  • melanoma
85
Q

Cancer Control - why is it a NHPA ?

A
  • 2nd highest leading cause of death
  • many are preventable through lifestyle changes
  • accounts for 29% of deaths
  • contributes to the most YLL
  • largest contributor to BOD
86
Q

list biological determinants - cancer control

A
  • genetic predisposition

- body weight

87
Q

cancer control - biological - genetic predisposition

A

some people are more likely to develop cancer and genetic/ family history can greatly influence certain cancers such as breast and prostate cancers

88
Q

cancer control - biological - body weight

A

relationship between obesity and higher rates of cancer such as colorectal and breast cancer

89
Q

list behavioural determinants - cancer control

A
  • tobacco smoking

- sun protection behaviours

90
Q

cancer control - behavioural - tobacco smoking

A

contains chemicals that can contribute to cancer in majority of the body including lungs and throat

91
Q

cancer control - behavioural - sun protection behaviours

A

over exposure to UV radiation without adequate protection e.g., hat or sunscreen can increase chance of developing skin cancer

92
Q

list physical environment determinants - cancer control

A
  • air quality

- work environment

93
Q

cancer control - physical environment - air quality

A

up to approx. 80 substances are found in air pollution are thought to increase risk of cancer including people living in industrial areas displaying higher rates

94
Q

cancer control - physical environment - work environment

A

individuals who spend prolonged amounts of time working outdoors exposed to uv can increase risk of skin cancer or exposure to hazardous chemicals can increase chance of lung cancer

95
Q

list social determinants - cancer control

A
  • low ses

- food security

96
Q

cancer control - social - low ses

A

are more likely to have increased rates of cancer due to high rates of smoking and alcohol consumption which increases risk of having lung cancer

97
Q

cancer control - social - food security

A

people who don’t have access to nutritious foods may rely on processed foods.
As a result increased excess saturated fats and inadequate amounts of fruit/veg which can increase rate of colorectal, lung and prostate cancer

98
Q

cancer control - direct costs

A
  • 6% of health care expenditure
  • medical treatment
  • chemotherapy / radiation
  • health promotion programs (community)
99
Q

cancer control - indirect costs

A
  • lost productivity/ taxation revenue if unable to work
  • paid services e.g.. cleaning
  • price of carers
100
Q

cancer control - intangible costs

A
  • pain and suffering
  • anxiety and depression
  • missing school or work
101
Q

cancer control - list health promotion program

A
  • quit
  • screening programs
  • movember
  • sunsmart
102
Q

cancer control - health promotion program - quit

A

joint initiative to reduce burden of cancer caused by tobacco smoking
support throughout quitting and promoting health benefits of quitting

103
Q

NHPA- obesity

A

defined as having a BMI of over 30 or a waist measurement of 89 cm + for females or 102 cm + for males.
Obesity relates to carrying excess body weight in the form of adipose tissue

104
Q

obesity - why is it an nhpa ?

A
  • leads to a range of diseases e.g.. cvd type 2
  • becoming more prevalent in society
  • contributes to higher BOD
  • rising epidemic in Australia
  • highly preventable
105
Q

list biological determinants - obesity

A
  • age

- hormonal disturbance

106
Q

obesity - biological - age

A

metabolism slows and processes foods slower increasing amount of adipose tissue leading to obesity

107
Q

obesity - biological - hormonal disturbances

A

leptin contributes to appetite and fat distribution.

Increases obesity rates

108
Q

list behavioural determinants - obesity

A
  • lack of physical activity

- consuming energy dense foods

109
Q

obesity - behavioural - lack of physical activity

A

can lead to obesity when an individual also consumes more food than they are expected to burn which is limited if activity is bare or non existent

110
Q

obesity - behavioural - consuming energy dense foods

A

highly processed foods which do not provide any nutritional benefit increases rate of obesity due to high content of fats

111
Q

list social determinants - obesity

A
  • food insecurity

- low ses

112
Q

obesity - social - food insecurity

A

those who cannot afford or have access to healthy, nutrient rich foods will turn to processed foods which increase obesity due to excess salt, sugar and fat consumption

113
Q

obesity - social - low ses

A

people with lower ses have increased rates of obesity which may be linked to increase rates of alcohol and tobacco smoking rates etc.

114
Q

list physical environment determinants - obesity

A
  • access to recreational facilities

- work environment

115
Q

obesity - physical environment - access to recreational facilities

A

limited access to parks, bike paths, gyms can lead to a decrease in physical activity and can overall increase obesity

116
Q

obesity - physical environment - work environment

A

one does that not provide incidental physical activity can increase risk of obesity

117
Q

obesity - direct costs

A

attributed to other conditions

  • ambulance eg. due to heart attack
  • weight management plans
  • weight loss medication
  • health promotion programs (community)
118
Q

obesity - indirect costs

A

attributed to other conditions

  • heart attack may prevent them from working
  • employ people for house duties
  • lost productivity
  • welfare/government payments
119
Q

obesity - intangible costs

A 
individual 
- loss of confidence/ self esteem 
- sleep disturbances due to excess weight causing breathing problems 
- lack of energy 
- adjustment to dietary requirements 
community 
- stress and anxiety of friends 
- frustration if having to care for individual suffering from an obesity related disease
120
Q

obesity - health promotion program

A

GO FOR 2 AND FIVE CAMPAIGN
aiming to increase fruit and vegetable consumption promoting an increase in nutrient rich foods rather than energy dense foods
2 = veg
5 = fruit

121
Q

NHPA - arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions

A

conditions of the bones, muscles and other attachments such as ligaments tendons and joints.
There are over 100 conditions but the most common include:
osteoporosis, back problems, theumaroid arthritis, and juvenile arthritis
contributes significantly to BOD

122
Q

arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions - why is it an NHPA ?

A
  • leads to higher rates of morbidity
  • account for approx. 5% ob of BOD in Australia
  • osteoarthritis affected over 1 million australians in 2011 - 12
123
Q

list biological determinants - A+MC

A
  • gender

- body weight

124
Q

A+MC - biological - gender

A

females are more likely to develop musculoskeletal conditions especially after menopause due to the decline in oestrogen production which can lead to an increase in osteoporosis

125
Q

A+MC - biological - body weight

A

being overweight puts excess strain on joints, which can increase chance of developing arthritis due to the additional body weight adding pressure on the joints

126
Q

list behavioural determinants - A+MC

A
  • poor dietary behaviours

- lack of sun exposure

127
Q

A+MC - behavioural - poor dietary behaviours

A

a diet lacking in nutrients required, particularly during adolescence and older age such as vital d and calcium may lead to a lower bone density.
Deficiency of protein can also lead to low bone density
all can lead to osteoporosis

128
Q

A+MC - behavioural - lack of sun exposure

A

vitam d deficiency is a growing concern for elderly.
It can lead to low bone density, bone pain, muscle weakness with an increased rate of osteoporosis and falls and fractures

129
Q

list physical environment determinants - A+MC

A
  • access to recreational facilities

- transport systems

130
Q

A+MC - physical environment - access to recreational facilities

A

lack of access to parks, gyms, bike paths can decrease physical activity and contribute to obesity and arthritis.
The excess weight can contribute to excess pressure on joints and lack of weight bearing access can decrease bone density and therefore osteoporosis is increased

131
Q

list social determinants A +MC

A
  • food insecurity

- low ses

132
Q

A+MC - social - food insecurity

A

lack of access to nutrient rich foods which contain the vitamins to maintain bone strength/ health
can lead to an increase in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis if nutrients are lacking to provide HARD TISSUE FORMATION to protect bones and joints

133
Q

A+MC - social - low ses

A

may not have the educational knowledge relating to healthy food intake and value of health from nutrients to decrease chance of developing arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions for deficiencies

134
Q

A+MC - direct costs

A
  • copayments for doctors/ specialists
  • gym, to strengthen bones
    community
  • medicare contributions
  • pbs for medication
135
Q

A+MC - indirect costs

A
  • loss of income due to loss of mobility
  • carers/other support
  • transport if loss of mobility
136
Q

A+MC - intangible costs

A
  • anxiety over prospect of falls fractures

- missing out on social experiences due to loss of mobility

137
Q

A+MC - health promotion program

A

ARTHRITIS AUSTRALIA
a ‘non government’ program that aims to reduce the prevalence and impact of the musculoskeletal conditions throughout peer support strategies

138
Q

NHPA - injury prevention and control

A

the term injury relates to the adverse effects on the human body that may result from a range of events.
Injuries may be accidental: falls, poisoning, drowning, sport
or injuries could be intentional: suicide, attempted suicide and violence

139
Q

IP+C - why is it an NHPA ?

A
  • responsible for 7% BOD
  • 6.3% of deaths in 2012
  • MAIN CAUSE OF DEATH FOR THOSE UNDER 45
  • most injuries can be prevented
  • incur significant costs
140
Q

list biological determinants - IP+C

A
  • age

- gender

141
Q

IP+C - biological - age

A

loss of bone mass in elderly makes people more likely to sustain fractures compared to younger individual

142
Q

IP+C - biological - gender

A

males have higher levels of testosterone which is contributing factor to higher levels of risk taking such as speeding, alcohol, drug misuse and acts of aggression which contributes to higher rates of injuries among males

143
Q

list behavioural determinants - IP+C

A
  • risk taking behaviour

- alcohol use

144
Q

IP+C - behavioural - risk taking behaviour

A

men are more likely than women to take risks and therefore have higher rates of injuries. However any form of risk taking behaviour increases risk of injury

145
Q

IP+C - behavioural - alcohol use

A

people affected by alcohol often take unnecessary risks that can result in higher rates of injuries.
eg: drink driving, swimming while intoxicated

146
Q

list physical environment determinants - IP+C

A
  • work environments

- transport

147
Q

IP+C - physical environment - work environments

A
  • aspects of the work environment can contribute to the risk of injuries.
    Machinery associated with farming and mining are examples of causes of sport injuries e.g.. back strain
148
Q

IP+C - physical environment - transport

A

poor road quality, lighting and signage can impact on risk of injuries

149
Q

list social determinants - IP+C

A
  • socioeconomic status

- social exclusion/ isolation

150
Q

IP+C - low ses

A

those of lower ses are more likely to be injured.
may be a result of :
- lower levels of education
- types of occupation
- lack of financial resources to ensure cars are safe etc.

151
Q

IP+C - social exclusion/ isolation

A

those who are socially excluded may not have people to take when required. This can increase the risk of mental health issues and injuries from self esteem

152
Q

IP+C - direct costs

A 
individual 
- copayments for medical treatments 
- copayments for pharmaceuticals 
- ambulance transport 
community 
- medicare contributions with surgery 
- aids eg. wheelchair 
- health promotion program e.g. work safe
153
Q

IP+C - indirect costs

A

individual
- payment for house services due to injury
- transport costs if unable to drive
community
- insurance agencies
- lost productivity if unable to work
- welfare payments /taxation loss if unable to work

154
Q

IP+C - intangible

A
  • mental health issues as injuries are unpredictable
  • frustration of learning new tasks e.g. walking
  • deaths from injury cause anguish among family and friends
155
Q

IP+C - health promotion program

A

NATIONAL SLIPS + FALLS PREVENTABLE PROJECT
a federal government program that provides resources to health professionals and consciousness about preventing falls among the elderly

156
Q

NHPA - cardiovascular health

A

refers to the health of the heart and blood vessels.

The aim of this NHPA is to promote cardiovascular health in the entire population, not just those with CVD

157
Q

cardiovascular health - why is it an NHPA ?

A
  • 3.1 million reported having a chronic condition (20011 -12)
  • highest recorded was hypertension with 9.5% of people
    having it
  • 2012, cvd accounted for 30% of deaths
  • many determinants contributing to CVD are preventable and modifiable
  • CVD costs healthcare system $7.7 billion
158
Q

list biological determinants - cardiovascular health

A
  • body weight

- blood pressure

159
Q

cardiovascular health - biological - body weight

A

being overweight usually places greater strain on heart and increases risk of hypertension and high blood cholesterol

160
Q

cardiovascular health - biological - blood pressure

A

high blood pressure is an indicator that the heart is already working harder to pump the blood and increase risk of heart attack and stroke

161
Q

list behavioural determinants - cardiovascular health

A
  • tobacco smoking

- excessive alcohol consumption

162
Q

cardiovascular health - behavioural - tobacco smoking

A

increases blood pressure and contributes to plaque build up on artery walls

163
Q

cardiovascular health - behavioural - excessive alcohol consumption

A

alcohol contains high amounts of kilojoules. If they are not used it increases chance of becoming overweight and consequentially the risk of CVD increases

164
Q

list physical environment determinants - cardiovascular health

A
  • access to recreational facilities

- work environment

165
Q

cardiovascular health - physical environment - access to recreational facilities

A

if an individual lacks access to recreational facilities such as gyms, bike paths, they may not exercise as much
This may increase risk of obesity and CVD

166
Q

list social determinants - cardiovascular health

A
  • food insecurity

- low ses

167
Q

cardiovascular health - social - food insecurity

A

if an individual cannot afford or access a healthy food supply they may rely on processed foods which can contain high levels of: fat, sugar, salt and low fibre contributing to obesity and CVD

168
Q

cardiovascular health - social - low ses

A

people with lower ses are more likely to be overweight and are therefore more likely to be suffering from CVD
Also have higher rates of smoking which increases rates

169
Q

cardiovascular health - direct costs

A

individuals
- ambulance transport in case of heart attack
- patient co payments for medication to lower blood pressure
- copayments for doctors/ specialists
community
- health promotion program e.g., live lighter
- medicare contributions
- PBS for medication
- private health insurance for hospitals etc

170
Q

cardiovascular health - indirect costs

A

individual
- changes to living conditions eg. if wheel chair is required
- social / financial changes eg. having to hire someone for domestic duties
community
- lost productivity
- cost of carers
- social security/ government payments if not working

171
Q

cardiovascular health - health promotion program

A

GO FOR 2 AND FIVE
a joint program of the federal, state and territory governments supported by organisations that promote the consumption of two swerves of fruit and five vegetable per day

172
Q

general examples of direct costs ( individual and community)

A 
INDIVIDUAL 
- ambulance transport 
- diagnostic tests 
- doctor / specialists 
- surgery/ hospital 
- medication 
COMMUNITY 
- health promotion programs 
- costs funded through PBS
173
Q

general examples of indirect costs (individual and community)

A 
INDIVIDUAL 
- loss of income 
- employing hired help 
- transport costs 
COMMUNITY 
- loss of productivity 
- loss of taxation revenue 
- social security payments 
- welfare
174
Q

general examples of intangible costs (individual and community)

A

INDIVIDUAL
-pain and suffering
- stress
- loss of self esteem
COMMUNITY
- loss of participation in community activities
- emotional impacts on friends and family

3/4 Health and Human Development (8 decks)

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