UNIT 3 - AOS 1 Flashcards
Burden of Disease
a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gaps between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY
YLD - Years Lost Due to Disability
the number of HEALTHY years lost due to disease, illness or injury
YLL - Years of Life Lost
Years of life lost due to premature death
DALY - Disability Adjusted Life Year
A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals on year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury
Life Expectancy
An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change
HALE - Health Adjusted Life Expectancy
A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.
Morbidity
refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group
Mortality Rate
the number of deaths over a period of time
Prevalence
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time
Incidence
The rate at which a particular disease/condition occurs over a period of time
Health Status
An individuals or a populations overall health taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factor
Under Five Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of children under fiver years of age per 1000 live births.
mortality
deaths in the population
what are the three dimensions of health
- Physical
- Mental
- Social
Physical dimension of health
relates to the efficient functioning of the body and it’s systems and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness
Mental dimension of health
state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to contribute to his or her community
Social dimension of health
being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way
list the five main health indicators
- life expectancy
- mortality
- morbidity
- burden of disease
- U5MR / infant mortality rate
infant mortality rate
the number of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births
maternal mortality rate
the rate of deaths of women who are pregnant or are in their first 42 days after giving birth or having a termination. Expressed per every 100 000 live births
three components of burden of disease (dot points)
- a measure of the impact of disease and disability
- measures gap between current health status and ideal situation where everyone lives o old age free of disease and disability
- measured in DALY’S
examples of physical health
- well functioning body systems organs
- strong immune system
- free from illness, disease and injury
examples of mental health
- low levels of stress and anxiety
- positive self esteem
- high levels of confidence
examples of social health
- supportive network of friends
- supportive and well functioning family
- effective communication w others
- productive relationships with others
what are the measures of health status (health indicators)
- life expectancy
- morality
- morbidity
- burden of disease
- U5MR
- infant mortality rate
what are the four determinants of health ?
- biological
- behavioural
- social
- physical environment
define determinants of health
factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others.
define biological determinant
factors relating to the body that impact on health, such as genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure and cholesterol levels
list examples of biological determinants
- body weight
- blood pressure
- cholesterol
- impaired glucose regulation
- birth weight
- genetics
list the biological determinants to know in depth
- body weight
- impaired glucose regulation
- cholesterol
body weight (obesity)- biological determinant (define)
body weight - is measured through the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference.
Can impact on health and influence other biological determinants contributing to a variation in health status
body weight (obesity) - risk to health - biological determinant
- high blood pressure
- high blood cholesterol
- impaired glucose regulation
- cvd
- colorectal cancer
- respiratory problems
- type 2 diabetes
- self esteem issues/ depression
- social exclusion
body weight (obesity) - protective of health - biological determinant
- eating a balanced diet
- keeping active/ regular exercise
- maintain healthy body weight
impaired glucose regulation - biological determinant (define)
glucose is the preferred fuel for energy within the cells. Glucose is obtained through breaking down carbohydrates and glucose are then absorbed into blood stream.
when glucose levels rise, insulin is released from pancreas so that glucose can be used for energy.
CELLS CAN BE RESISTANT TO THE ACTION OF INSULIN PREVENTING GLUCOSE FROM BEING ABSORBED
impaired glucose regulation - risk to health - biological determinant
- heart attack
- stroke
- kidney disease
- premature death
- type 2 diabetes
impaired glucose regulation - protective of health - biological determinant
- remaining healthy body weight, combined with good genetic predisposition
- following a healthy lifestyle
- managing through pumper injections (type 2)
cholesterol - biological determinant (define)
a type of fat required by the body for production of hormones.
Produced in the liver and found in animal products.
- intake of saturated fats/trans fats increases cholesterol levels.
TWO DIFFERENT TYPES: LDL (LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN) = BAD CHOLESTEROL
HDL (HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN) = GOOD CHOLESTEROL
cholesterol - risk to health - biological determinant
- cvd
- kidney disease
- stroke
- impaired glucose regulation
cholesterol - protective of health - biological determinant
- a good genetic predisposition which maintains normal cholesterol levels
- healthy diet w/o excessive amounts of saturated fats and trans fats
behavioural determinant (define)
-refers to actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impacts on health such as smoking, physical activity, risk taking behaviour, dietary behaviour, and drug misuse.
list examples of behavioural determinants
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
- drug misuse
- physical activity
- dietary behaviour
- sexual behaviours
- vaccination status
- risk taking behaviour
list the behavioural determinants to know in depth
- smoking
- alcohol consumption
- dietary behaviour
smoking - behavioural determinant ( define/describe )
the number one preventable risk factor associated with health concerns such as CVD, respiratory conditions such as emphysema and cancers,
smoking - risk to health - behavioural determinant
- cvd
- atherosclerosis
- stroke
- cancers: nose, mouth, lung, kidney,bladder,throat,stomach,pancreas
smoking - protective of health - behavioural determinant
- reducing risk of listed diseases by not smoking
- which will increase life expectancy and morbidity levels
alcohol consumption - behavioural determinant - define/describe
includes alcoholism and binge drinking.
caused the excess consumption of alcohol in an unsafe manner
alcohol consumption - risk to health
behavioural determinant
- liver disease (alcoholism)
- road accidents, injuries, drownings and violence (binge drinking)
- obesity
- cvd
alcohol consumption - protective of health
behavioural determinant
- drinking in moderation and safe manner
dietary behaviour - behavioural determinant - define/describe
the food people eat affects dimension of health
w/o adequate nutrition the risk of a range of health concerns increases whether it be:
- high consumption of processed foods
or
-lack of vitamins/minerals
dietary behaviour - risk to health
behavioural determinant
- obesity F
- high blood pressure F
- high blood cholesterol F
- impaired glucose regulation F
- obesity S
- diabetes S
- tooth decay S
- osteoporosis (lack of calcium)
dietary behaviour - protective of health
behavioural determinant
- eat a balanced diet everyday to protect
- include consumption of five food groups
of australian guide to healthy eating - drinking adequate water intake
social determinant of health - define
refers to aspects of society and the social environment that impacts on health, such as poverty, early life experiences , social networks and support
list examples of social determinants
- SES
- work
- unemployment
- social exclusion
- stress
- food insecurity
- transport
- early life experiences
- access to health care
list the social determinants to know in depth
- SES
- food security
- access to health care
SES - social determinant - define/describe
generally the wealthier you are, the healthier you are. Those who experience the worst health outcomes are often poorer people.
There is a relationship between income, occupation and education
SES - risk to health /outcomes
social determinant
those who are disadvantaged
- less likely to take notice of health promotions
- more likely to smoke
- more likely to be obese due to poor nutrition and physical inactivity
- experience overcrowding housing conditions
- less likely to have health insurance
SES - protective of health
social determinant
- food security, access to nutritious foods to protect from diseases
- information about healthy choices to influence choices
access to health care - social determinant (define/describe)
services that promote and preserve health.
Numerous factors can limit access including :
- location (overlaps with PE), financial and cultural barriers
access to health care - risk to health
social determinant
- increased morbidity and mortality if lack occurs
access to health care - protective of health
social determinant
- health insurance to provide access when required to decrease overall costs and increase health status
Physical environment determinant - define
the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water,air, workplaces,housing,roads,nature,schools,recreation facilities and exposure to hazards
list examples of physical environments
- housing
- work environments
- infrastructure
- air quality
- water
- climate (and changes)
- natural disasters
list the physical environment determinants to know in detail
- housing
- work environment
- water
housing - physical env - define/describe
includes aspects such as:
- ventilation and hygiene
- design and safety
- overcrowding/ sleeping conditions
- security
- resources e.g.. fridge
housing - risk to health
physical env
- inadequate housing increases morbidity of infection and chronic diseases
- house that is damp/ poor ventilation can lead to respiratory diseases/asthma
- overcrowding = spread of illness
- resources e.g. lack of fridge = poisoning
housing - protective of health
physical env
ensure appropriate resources e.g., refrigeration
government help with overcrowding
work environment - physical env - define/describe
many australians spend significant time at their place of work and as a result it plays a significant role in determining health
work environment - risk to health
physical env
- high UV exposure = skin cancer
- unsafe OHS = injuries/ hazardous substances
- seating arrangements = lack of physical activity = back problems
Water - physical env - define/describe
water quality is essential to good health. water quality in Australia is high compared to other countries. Has a positive influence on health status
Water - risk to health
physical env
- poor quality = risk factor of illness as unsanitary holds bacteria = diarrhoea
- lack of water due to quality = dehydration and when combined with diarrhoea and extreme cases can cause loss of life
Water - protective of health
physical env
clean and fresh water supply will reduce risk of illness and disease
males - biological determinant
- overweight (higher rates)
- hypertension (higher rates)
- genetics (sex,hormones,fat deposition) *
males - behavioural determinants
- higher smoking rates
- more likely to consume risky levels of alcohol
- eat less healthy diets
- less likely to take note of health promotions
- more likely to take risks (e.g.. caused buy alcohol) *
males - physical environment determinant
- more hazardous work environments e.g.. building *
- outdoor work
- increased time on roads
male - social determinants
- often experienced profound unemployment
- higher SES (especially if single parent)
- more likely to be affected by peer pressure *
list chosen determinants - males
biological - genetics, fat deposition
behavioural - more likely to take risks (e.g.. from alcohol)
physical env- more hazardous work environments
social - more likely to be affected by peer pressure
males - chosen biological determinant
GENETICS, FAT DEPOSITION
males tend to store fat around the abdomen, more than females. No research has yet been conducted as to why genetics determines this.
RISK TO HEALTH
cvd
males - chosen behavioural determinant
MORE LIKELY TO TAKE RISKS (FROM ALCOHOL)
males are more likely to partake in unnecessary risky behaviour, which can be heavily influenced by the alcoholism and misuse.
RISK TO HEALTH
contributes to higher rates of injury deaths, considerably higher than females
males - chosen physical env determinant
MORE HAZARDOUS WORK ENVIRONMENTS
males are more likely to work in dangerous environments such as building sites, mines, trades and farming
RISK TO HEALTH
can increase risk of serious injury / injury related deaths exposure to chemicals or unsafe ohs
work related deaths 2013: 92% males
males - chosen social determinant
MORE LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED BY PEER PRESSURE
males are more likely to be affected
eg. to prove masculinity and fit in
RISK TO HEALTH
may conduct in risky behaviour as a result of peer pressure, possibly ending in injury of death.
suicide due to peer pressure
examples of male health status
- LE four years less
- higher chances of death
- higher rates of injury
- higher rates of diabetes
- lower osteoporosis
- lower rates of reported mental health / behaviour problems
rural/remote - biological determinants
- obesity higher rates *
- low birth weight (higher rates)
- higher rates of hypertension
- higher rates of blood cholesterol
rural/remote - behavioural determinants
- more likely to smoke tobacco *
- more likely to drink alcohol at risky levels
- lower levels of physical activity
rural/remote - physical env determinants
- poorer road quality/badly lit
- greater distances to drive
- reduced proximity to healthcare/ recreation *
- harsh climates
- reduced access to fluoridated water
- more dangerous working environments
- greater uv exposure
rural/remote social determinants
- lower ses
- higher unemployment *
- social isolation
- food insecurity
- less access to health services
rural/remote - chosen biological determinant
BODY WEIGHT - HIGHER OBESITY LEVELS
overweight and obesity levels are higher in real and remote areas, 10%higher than major cities
RISK TO HEALTH
higher risks of developing type 2 diabetes/cvd
rural/remote - chosen behavioural determinant
HIGHER RATES OF TOBACCO SMOKING
people in rural/remote areas are far more likely to smoke tobacco 6% higher than urban areas
RISK TO HEALTH
cancers, cvd, respiratory diseases
rural/remote - chosen physical env determinant
REDUCED PROXIMITY TO HEALTH CARE/RECREATION
proximity to resources is a significant challenge.
The location of health care and recreation facilities are limited,
This would make it harder for people to attend doctors etc.
RISK TO HEALTH
increased morbidity and mortality and decrease in life expectancy
rural/remote - chosen social determinant
HIGHER UNEMPLOYMENT experience lower rate sin employment resulting in low see as a result of remote locations less opportunities RISK TO HEALTH higher rates of : lower health status food insecurity cvd diabetes
rural/remote health status
- lower LE decreases as remoteness increases
- higher mortality
- higher rates of preventable cancers
- higher deaths from cvd
- higher rates of avoidable deaths
- higher rates of diabetes
- higher rates of injury
- higher rates of dental decay
low SES - biological determinants
- body weight , higher obesity *
- higher hypertension
- higher glucose intolerance rates
- higher rates of low birth weight
low SES - behavioural determinants
- more likely to smoke *
- lower levels of physical activity
- less likely to consume fruit/veg
- less likely to breastfeed
low SES - physical env determinants
- greater exposure to fast food
- more likely to live in poor quality housing
- dangerous working environments
- exposure to environmental tobacco
- higher likelihood of violence
low SES - social determinants
- higher unemployment
- lower education levels
- food insecurity *
- maternal smoking (early life experiences )
- less likely to access preventative health care
- lower levels of private health insurance
low SES - chosen biological determinant
BODY WEIGHT - HIGHER OBESITY RATES
those in low SES groups have higher rates of obesity compared to high SES
RISK TO HEALTH
obesity can place added strain on heart / blockages to vessels
-cvd
-coronary heart disease
low SES - chosen behavioural determinant
HIGHER RATES OF TOBACCO SMOKING
more than twice as likely to smoke, compared to those with a high SES
RISK TO HEALTH
higher mortality / morbidity from respiratory diseases
cvd
lung cancer
low SES - chosen physical env determinant
GREATER EXPOSURE TO FAST FOOD
low ses areas are usually in close proximity to fast food,influencing food choices
RISK TO HEALTH
increased obesity
low SES - chosen social environment
FOOD INSECURITY lack of financial resources lead to inability to afford nutrient rich food, while the chance of eating highly processed foods are increased RISK TO HEALTH higher rates of obesity cvd cancer
low SES - Health Status
- lower LE of 3 years
- higher mortality
- more avoidable deaths
- higher infant mortality
- higher rates of diabetes
Indigenous - biological determinants
- body weight, overweight/obesity *
- hypertension
- impaired glucose regulation
- low birth weight
Indigenous - behavioural determinants
- higher rates of : smoking , alcohol, drug misuse *
- lower levels of physical activity
Indigenous - physical environment determinants
- poor quality housing
- overcrowded housing *
- lack of geographical access to health care/recreation
- poor infrastructure/ventilation
Indigenous - social determinants
- low ses
- social exclusion
- high rates of food insecurity
- early life experiences e.g. maternal smoking
- cultural barriers *
Indigenous - chosen biological determinant
BODY WEIGHT - OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY indigenous have higher rates of obesity across all ages increases risk of suffering from chronic diseases RISK TO HEALTH cvd type 2 diabetes osteoarthritis
Indigenous - chosen behavioural determinant
HIGHER RATES OF SMOKING TOBACCO indigenous are more likely to smoke cigarettes compared to non indigenous counterparts RISK OT HEALTH cancer eg. mouth lung cvd respiratory diseases
Indigenous - chosen physical env determinant
POORER QUALITY HOUSING - OVERCROWDING
12% of indigenous are reported to be living in overcrowding. Placing strain on bathrooms,kitchen and laundry facilities
RISK TO HEALTH
can lead to unhygienic living
increase risk of infections and chronic diseases
Indigenous - chosen social determinant
CULTURAL BARRIERS
some indigenous do not like to participate in western medicine, leading to less medical attention to be seeded
RISK TO HEALTH
increased morbidity and mortality
eg. whooping cough as no medicine or vaccination which could other wise be prevented
Indigenous - Health Status
- LE 10 yrs lower
- higher mortality
- burden of disease higher
- higher death rates
- higher rates of chronic diseases
- higher rates of physiological distress
- higher rates of diabetes
- higher rates of chronic kidney disease
- higher rates of STI’S
- higher rates of dental decay/ gum disease
