UNIT 3 - AOS 2A Flashcards
biomedical model of health
focuses on the physical/biological aspects of disease and illness. It is a medical model of care practised by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of diseases.
characteristics of biomedical model of health
- model of care practiced by health professionals
- focuses on: physical/biological aspects
- includes medical tests (X-rays etc)
- band aid or fix it approach
- focuses on treatment not prevention
advantages of biomedical model of health
- advances in technology/research. w/o biomedical would not be possible e.g.. X-rays
- enables common problems to be efficiently treated
- extends life expectancy
- improves quality of life
disadvantages of biomedical model of health
- relies on professional health workers = costly
- doesn’t always promote good health as determinants are not always uncovered
- affordability, not everyone can afford medical technology/resources. therefore creating a variance in health status
the role of the federal government and its responsibility for health
- administration of medicare
- administration of PBS
- quarantine
- funding of health system
- regulation of health system
what areas does the health care system refer to ?
- doctors
- specialists
- nurses
- hospitals
- preventative programs
- pharmaceutical companies
- private health insurance
medicare
a universal healthcare system that provides medical care to patients via their gp or hospital for little or no cost.
It was established in 1984 to provide access and improve healthcare for all australians, regardless of income
who is eligible for medicare
all australians and new zealend citizens, permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreements.
Anyone over age 15 may have their own medicare card
how is medicare funded
funded by federal government through three sources of income;
- medicare levy: additional 2% tax on taxable income of most taxpayers. low income owners are exempt
- medicare levy surcharge: people w/o private health insurance and earn above certain amount
- general taxation: 3rd source of revenue as medicare levy and medicare surcharge do not meet full operating cost of medicare
what does medicare cover ?
- x rays
- pathology tests
- eye tests
- child dental scheme
- patient copayment
- in hospital expenses
- food
- accomodation
- after care
- up to 75% (private)
what doesn’t medicare cover ?
- patient copayments gap
- cosmetic/non clinical necessary
- private hospital covers
- dental examinations/ treatment
- ambulance services
- home nursing
- physiotherapy
- chiropractic
- hearing aids glasses
- medicines not on PBS
- medicare costs covered by another insurers e.g. work compensation
social model of health
a conceptual framework within improvements in health and wellbeing are achieved by directing efforts toward addressing the social, economic, and environmental determinants of health.
The model is based on the understanding that in order for health gains to occur, social, economic and environmental determinants must be addressed.
brief explanation of social model of health (not study design definition)
attempts to address the broader influences on health (social, cultural, environmental and economic factors) rather than disease and injury itself.
Recognises relationship between health status and social determinants. e.g.: access to health care, ses
principles of social model - acronym
A - Addresses broader determinants of health R - Reduce social inequities E- Empowers individuals/ communities A- Acts to enable access to health care S -involves interSectoral collaboration
principle of social model - Addresses broader determinants of health
Factors are often influenced by other broader determinants
eg. gender, culture etc.
Addressing these determinants is a key aspect to the model.
Behavioural determinants such as reducing tobacco smoking and food intake are important for good health.
principle of social model - Reduce social inequities
social factors that contribute to inequities in health status must be addressed.
Individuals/populations are heavily influenced by social determinants such as: gender, culture, ses, access to health care, social exclusion and physical environment.
principle of social model - Empowers individuals/ communities
empowering individuals/communities meant they can participate in decision about their health.
Individuals are more likely to participate in healthy behaviours if they have a feeling of control.
Empowering with health knowledge/skills puts people in a position to make positive change
principle of social model - acts to enable access to health care
health care is a significant determinant of health and is a contributing factor to health status is a contributing factor to health status experienced by most people.
There are many social/environmental factors that can impact on access to health care.
Some of these include: cultural/language barriers, economic and geographical location and education levels.
principle of social model - involves interSectoral collaboration
many sectors, working together collaboratively to improve health outcomes. EG: government and non government organisations. Government and private sector.
including : service providers and manufacturers who sit outside health system.
Only by involving all intersected/concerned groups can the social/physical env.
determinants be adequate addressed.
advantages of social model of health
- promotes good health and assists in prevention
- promotes overall wellbeing
- relatively inexpensive
- focuses on vulnerable population groups
- education can be passed down through generations
- responsibility for health is shared
disadvantages of social model of health
- not every condition is preventable
- does not promote development of technology and medical knowledge
- does not address the health concerns of individual s
- health promotion programs may be ignored
programs based on social model
- closing the gap
- sun smart
- breast screen australia
- rural retention program
- quit
- be a man, talk to your doctor about prostate cancer
- live lighter campaign
define ottawa charter for health promotion
an approach to health development by the world health organisation which attempts to reduce inequalities in health
The ottawa charter for health promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as the ‘process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health’
The ottawa charter identifies three basic strategies for health promotion, which are:
- enabling
- mediating
- advocacy
what are the three strategies for health promotion (ottawa charter)
- enable
- mediate
- advocate
strategy for health promotion (ottawa) - enable
ensuring everyone has adequate resources and opportunities to provide for optimal health
strategy for health promotion (ottawa) - mediate
changes required to promote health including: funding, legislation, policies and changes to physical/social environments
strategy for health promotion (ottawa) - advocate
refers to actions to make changes necessary to improve determinants of health
list elements/action areas of ottawa charter
- build healthy public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
- develop personal skills
- reortient health services
ottawa charter - build health public policy
develop policy or legislation to promote health
ottawa charter - create supportive environments
create environments that make healthy choices easier
ottawa charter - community action
involve and encourage people from all parts of community
ottawa charter - develop personal skills
inform and empower people to make healthier choices
ottawa charter - reorient health services
switch focus from biomedical to preventative health care, encourage medical professionals to take preventative approach
advantages of medicare
- choice of doctor for out of hospital services
- available to all australians
- covers tests,exams,doctor fees and x rays
- medicare safety net provides extra financial services and copayments reach a threshold
disadvantages of medicare
- no choice for in hospital services
- waiting list for some treatments
- doesn’t cover alternative therapies
- often does not cover full amount of doctor visits
pharmaceutical benefits scheme
introduced to subsidise the cost of a wide range of prescription medication.
providing australians with medication at affordable prices
how does federal government fund health care system
- medicare and pbs
- provides grants to states and territories to run hospitals
- funds national health priorities e.g.: breast screen, immunisation, regulate residential care
federal government - regulatory roles
- safety + quality of pharmaceutical goods
- regulates private health insurance
- provide incentives to take out private health insurance
- monitoring food + safety regulations
state/territory government responsibility
DELIVERY OF HEALTH SERVICES - ambulance - national mental health strategy - maternal and child health centres (immunisation care) - school health curriculum REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITIES - industry regulations - licensing gps - licensing private hospitals - legislation eg: roads and smoking bans
local government responsibilities
- health inspections for restaurants
- meals on wheels
- municipal public health wellbeing programs
- water quality testing
- removal of waste
- maternal and child health centres
- delivering immunisation
- developing, implementing and enforcing local bylaws.
private health insurance
a type of insurance which members pay a premium or fee in return for payment towards health related costs not covered by medicare.
It is additional insurance purchased on top of medicare.
Optional extra cover is available such as : dentists, physiotherapy and chiropractics
what are the three private health incentives
- private health insurance rebates
- lifetime health cover
- medicare levy surcharge
private health insurance rebates
policy holders receive a 30% rebate on premiums for private health insurance
Now have income tested
lifetime health cover
people who take up private health insurance after age 30 pay 2% on their premiums for every year after 30.
If over 40 will pay 20% more compared to a 30 year old with cover.
Encourages young people to take out health cover
medicare levy surcharge
people earning more than 90 000 or 180 000 for families, pay extra tax as surcharge.
If they don’t have private health cover which is an extra 1 to 1.5%
private health insurance - advantages
- enables access to private hospital cover
- choice of doctor in private/public hospitals
- shorter waiting times for medical procedures such as elective surgery
private health insurance - disadvantages
- costly due to premiums which must be paid
- sometimes have a gap, which means insurance doesn’t cover whole fee
- qualifying periods for some conditions
eg. pregnancy
list values that underpin the Australian health care system
Safe
Effective
Efficient
Continues/continuous
Accessible
Responsive
Sustainable
acronym for values that underpin the Australian heath care system
S
E
E
C
A
R
S
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Safe
avoidance or reduction to acceptable limits of actual/potential harm from health care management or environment in which healthcare is delivered
values that underpin the Australian health care system - Effective
care,intervention or action that the patients needs and meets the required standard
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Efficient
care,intervention, or action that the desired results with most cost effective resources
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Continuous
ability to provide uninterrupted coordinated care or service across programs, practitioners, organisations and levels over time
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Accessible
ability of people to obtain healthcare at the right place and right time irrespective of income, location and cultural background. Encompass equity
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Responsive
services are client orientated. Clients are w dignity and confidentiality and encouraged to participate in choices related to their care.
values that underpin the Australian healthcare system - Sustainable
capacity of the system to sustain workforce and infrastructure
three subheadings for promoting health y eating in Australia
- nutrition surveys
- australian dietary guidelines
- australian guide to healthy eating
define nutrition surveys
provide a snapshot of what Australians or population groups within Australia are eating at a particular time.
questions asked in relation to food habits - nutrition surveys
- supplements consumed
- type of milk consumed
- salt use
- food security questions
- location of food
- alcohol consumption
- main source of drinking water
how nutrition surveys can be used
- monitor and assess nutrient intake against the dietary guidelines for australians
- assess changes in dietary habits and nutritional status
- assist with setting health related goals and targets to provide a basis for new nutrient guidelines
- provide information on the interrelationship of health,social, economic and nutrition factors in selected population groups for policy and strategy development, including health promotion
- assist the evaluation of current policies and strategies
eg. closing the gap
novel foods
non traditional foods that require assessment by the government in order to establish their safety before they added to food supply
mandatory fortification
the compulsory addition of specific nutrients to selected food items as directed by federal government
discretionary food
foods and drinks that are not necessary to provide the nutrients the body needs but may add variety.
However many are high in:
saturated fats, sugar, salt and/or alcohol and are therefore energy dense
australian dietary guidelines - describe
devised by national health and medical research council (NHMRC)
developed to provide advice relating to types and amounts of foods, food groups, and dietary patterns that will help australians
list five dietary guidelines
- to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet energy needs
- enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from five food groups every day + drink plenty of water
- limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, sugar and alcohol
- encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
- care for your food, prepare and store safely
Australian guide to healthy eating - describe
a food selection tool incorporated into the australian dietary guidelines.
It is intended to be used by consumers to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the five groups
dietary guideline - 1
to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy need
dietary guideline - 2
enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups everyday and drink plenty of water
dietary guideline - 3
limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, sugar and alcohol
dietary guideline - 4
encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
dietary guideline - 5
care for your food, prepare and store safely
role of NGO in providing dietary advice and promoting health
NUTRITION AUSTRALIA
A major community education nutrition body.
The focus is to promote healthy eating and adequate physical activity
two ways nutrition Australia (NGO) promote health
- healthy recipes
- development of healthy eating pyramid
ways nutrition Australia promote health - healthy recipes
A range of healthy recipes are provided free of charge on their website
ways nutrition Australia promote health - development of healthy eating pyramids
Guide to the types and proportion of foods that individuals should eat each day for good health.
Encourages to enjoy a variety of foods for good health.
role of vic health
to promote health - by targeting the broader social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health
- sponsorship
- funding program
- encourage healthy lifestyle in community
- research and education
mission of vic health - acronym
P -promote R- recognise I - in partnership S- Support S- seek
mission of vic health - Promote
Promote fairness and opportunity to better health
mission of vic health - Recognise
Recognise that the social and economic conditions for all people influence their health
mission of vic health - In partnership
In partnership w/ others to promote good health
mission of vic health - Support
Support initiatives that assist individuals, communities, workplaces and broader society to improve wellbeing
mission of vic health - Seek
Seek to prevent chronic conditions for all victorians
Vic health - Strategic priorities - acronym
E- promote healthy Eating A- encourage regular physical Activity T - prevent Tobacco smoke use A - prevent harm for alcohol M - improve Mental Wellbeing
