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Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Core

A

The innermost zone of the Earth;s interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer

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2
Q

Mantle

A

The layer above the core, consisting of magma, the asthenosphere, and the solid upper mantle

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3
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock

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4
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

The theory that the lithosphere of the earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion

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5
Q

Earthquake

A

A sudden movement of earths crust caused by a release of potential energy from the movement of tectonic plates

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6
Q

Hot spots

A

In geology, a place where molten material from earth’s mantle reaches the lithosphere

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7
Q

Volcano

A

A vent in the surface of the earth that emits ash, gases, and molten lava

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8
Q

Tsunami

A

A series of wave in the ocean caused by seismic activity or an undersea volcano that causes massive water displacement

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9
Q

Divergent boundary

A

An area below the ocean where tectonic plates MOVE AWAY from each other

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10
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

Caused by divergent boundary, in which rising magma forms new oceanic crust on seafloor at boundaries between those plates

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11
Q

Convergent Boundary

A

An area where one plate MOVES TOWARD another plate and collides

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12
Q

Subduction

A

When one heavier plate (ocean) sinks below another lighter plate (continental) and melts

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13
Q

Island Arc

A

A chain of islands formed by volcanoes as a result of two tectonic plates coming together and expiring subduction

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14
Q

Island Arc

A

A chain of islands formed by volcanoes ad a result of two tectonic plates coming together and expiring subduction

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15
Q

Collision Zone

A

An area where two continental plates ate pushed together and the colliding forces push up the crust to form a mountain range

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16
Q

Collision Zone

A

An area where two continental plates ate pushed together and the colliding forces push up the crust to form a mountain range

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17
Q

Transform Boundary

A

An area where tectonic plates move sideways against each other

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18
Q

Fault

A

A fractured in rock caused by a movement of Earth;s crust

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19
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Rock formed directly by magma

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20
Q

Process of Igneous Rock

A

Old rock - melt - magma - cool - ingneous rock

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21
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Rocks that form when sediment such as muds, sands, and gravel are compressed by overlying sediments

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22
Q

Process of sedimentary rock

A

Old rock - weathering - sediment - lithification - sedimentary rock

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23
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

Rock that form when sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic rock is subjected to high pressures and tempurtures

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24
Q

Process of metamorphic rock

A

Old rock - heat/pressure-metaphoric (no melting)

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25
Rock Cycle
The geological cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, erosion, etc.
26
Physical Weathering
The mechanical breakdown of rocks caused by wind, water, tempurtures, etc.
27
Chemical Weathering
The breakdown of rock and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks or both process
28
Acid Percipitation
When rain or snow contain sulfur or nitric acid (acid rain)
29
Erosion
The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
30
Horizon
A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distance physical features such as color and texture
31
O horizon
The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of organic detritus in decomposition stages
32
Humus
The most fully decomposed organic matter in the lowest section of the o horizon
33
A horizon
Top layer of soil, a zone of organic materials and minerals are mixed (topsoil)
34
E horizon
A zone of leaching, or elucidation, found in some acidic soils under o and a horizon
35
B horizon
A soil horizon in composed primarily at mineral material with ilittle organic matter (subsoil)
36
C horizon
The least weathered soil, beneath b horizon and similar to parent material
37
Porosity
The size of air spaces between particles
38
Water holding Capicty
The amount of water a soil can hold against the drainage of gravity
39
Permability
The ability of water to move through soil
40
Cation exchange capicty (CEC)
The ability of a particular particlar soil to absorb and release cations
41
Base Saturation
The proportion of soil bases to soil acids, expressed as a percent
42
Watershed
An area of land that drains into a particular body of water
43
Examples of human impacts on watersheds
Dams, mining for minerals, increases imperative surfaces
44
Insulation
Incoming solar radiation which is the main source of energy on earth
45
Albedo
The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a service
46
Solstice
When th earth is either pointed toward or away the sun
47
Equinox
Equal/halfway
48
What’s are the 5 layers of the earth?
- Troposhere - Stratosphere - Mesosphere - Thermosphere - Exosphere
49
Troposphere
Layer of atmosphere closest to the surface of the earth
50
Stratosphere
Layer above the troposphere
51
Ozone
A pale blue gas composed of molecules made up of three oxygen atoms (O3)
52
Mesophsere
Layer of atmosphere above strasphere
53
Thermoshere
Layer that is important to organisms on earth surface b/c block harmful UV rays
54
Exosphere
Highest layer in which satellites orbit the planets
55
Saturation Point
The maximum amount of water vapor in the air given the temp
56
Adiabatic cooling
The cooling affect of reduced pressure on air as it roses higher in atmosphere and expands
57
Adiabatic heating
The heating affect of increased pressure on air as it sinks towards the surface of the earth and loses volume
58
Latent heat release
The release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into water
59
Atmospheric convection current
Global patterns of air movement initiated by unequal heating of the earth
60
Hadley cells
A convention current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator 30N and 30S
61
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The latitude which receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of two Hadley cells to converge
62
Polar cells
A convection current in atmosphere formed by air that rises 60N and 60S and sinks at poles 90N and 90S
63
Ferrel Cells
A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells
64
Coriolis effect
The deflection of an objects path due to the rotation of the earth
65
Gyre
A large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
66
Upwelling
The upward movement of ocean water towards the surface of as a result of diverging currents (cold and nutritious water)
67
Thermoaline Circulation
An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
68
Rain Shadow
A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of them the mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side
69
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific
70
La Niña
Following an El Niño event, trade winds on the South Pacific reverse strongly, causing regions that were hot and dry to become cooler and wetter.

APES (12 decks)

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