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APES > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

A measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population

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2
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species in a region or in a particular ecosystem

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3
Q

Habitat Diversity

A

The variation/variety of habitats that exist in a given ecosytem

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4
Q

Ecosystem Diversity

A

The Variety of ecosystems that exist in a given region

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5
Q

Population Bottleneck

A

When a large population declines in number, the amount of genetic diversity is carried by the surviving individuals is greatly reduced

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6
Q

Species Richness

A

The number of different species in a given area

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7
Q

Species evenness

A

The relative proportion of individuals within a different species in a given area

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8
Q

What are current challenges to estimate the number of living species on Earth?

A
  • Active during night hours
  • Found in inaccessible areas
  • Too small to be found with the naked eye
    -Range and numbers are too great to quantify
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9
Q

Ecosystem Services

A

The process by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

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10
Q

What are the 4 ecological services?

A

Provisional, regulating, supporting, and cultural

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11
Q

Provisional

A

Are considered goods humans can use directly

EX: Furs, trees, natural pharmaceuticals

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12
Q

Regulating

A

Services that maintain environmental conditions

EX: Removal of carbon dioxide by plants, flood controls, temperate control in forested areas

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13
Q

Supporting

A

Services that would be costly for humans to generate

EX: Pollination, pathogen removal/filtrate

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14
Q

Cultural

A

Services that provide intrinsic/aestetic benefits for certain groups of people

Ex: Natural bueaty draws visitors or religious groups, septic economic value can be attached to ecosytem services

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15
Q

Human activities

A

Food production, fish/shelfuish production, water availability, pollination services

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16
Q

/Island Biogeography

A

The study of how species are distributed and interacting on islands?

Larger Islands= more species b/c of resource availability
Islands closer to mainland = Morespeices diversity

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17
Q

Species area curve

A

A description of how the number of species on an island increase with the area of the island

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18
Q

Why is it that species that evolve on islands tend to be specialists

A
  • Some species may lack predatation
  • Food sources may be specialized to the island
  • Adaptions can occur rapidly
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19
Q

What are thginbgs you need to know about Island Biography

A
  • Need of producers will affect ecological efficency
  • Distance to mainland tends to be a major affect due to coloinazation frequency and ease
  • Islands of similar size, but closer to proximity to mainland will have higher species diversity
  • Smaller islands can’t support large numbers of predators, so producers wont last
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20
Q

What is limited resources and why does it happen

A
  • Colonization slows, extinsction rises
    B/c of larger population in species
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21
Q

Ecological Tolerance

A

The suite of a optic conditions under which a species survive, grow, and reproduce (Fundamental niche)

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22
Q

Fundamental Niche

A

Entire way of life for particular organism

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23
Q

Realized niche

A

The range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

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24
Q

Geographic Range

A

Areas of the world in which a species lives
- Bitoic and Abotic conditions affect t this
- Habitats have changed and species have been forced to adapt

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25
Q

How many mass extinctions have there been?

A

5
- Earth is undergoing its 6th mass extinction

26
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Short period of time where 65-95% of all species became extinct

27
Q

Periodic Desruption

A

Occurring at regular intervals (night and day)

28
Q

Episodic Disruptions

A

Somewhat regularly (Drought and rain intervals)

29
Q

Random Disruptions

A

no regular pattern (Natural Disatsters)

30
Q

Resistance

A

If a species is largely unaffected by disruption

31
Q

Resilience

A

If a species is affected by disruption, the rate it takes to return to its original states

32
Q

If ecosytem is more diverse is resistance and resilience higher or lower

A

More resilient and resistant

33
Q

What are methods to measure change?

A
  • species composition
    -Gas bubbles in ancient ice
    -Measuribg melt of ice sheet
34
Q

Intermediate Distyurbance hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that ecosytems experiencing intermideate levels of disturbance will favor higher level of diversity of species then those with high or low disturbance levels

35
Q

Intermediate Distyurbance hypothesis

A

Hypothesis that ecosytems experiencing intermideate levels of disturbance will favor higher level of diversity of species then those with high or low disturbance

36
Q

Evolution.

A

A change in genetic composition of a population over time

37
Q

Micro evolution

A

Evolution at the population level

38
Q

Macro evolution

A

Evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

39
Q

Evolution by Artifical Selcetion

A

the progress in which humans can determine which individual to breed typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind

40
Q

Evolution by Natural selection

A

The process in which the environment determine which indiduals survive and reproduce

41
Q

Fitness

A

An individuals a ability to survive and reproduce

42
Q

Adaption

A

A trait that improves an individuals fitness

43
Q

Evolution by random processes

A

The process that alter the genetic composition of a population over time, but not related to differences of fitness

44
Q

What were Darwin’s key ideas about natural selection

A
  • Individuals produce excess of offspring
  • Not all offspring survive
  • Different traits get passed from parent to offspring
  • Those that have the ability to survive and reproduce pass on their traits
45
Q

Mutations

A

Changes to the genetic variation of a population

46
Q

Gene flow

A

Individuals moving from one population to another

47
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Simple change in genes over time due to random mating

48
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A reduction in the size of a populations genetic variation

49
Q

Founders affect

A

A few individuals begin a new population with genotypes not representative of the larger group

50
Q

Allopathic Speciation

A

A geographic separation in a population, leading to new species (Once too long apart, they develop diffract alleles and genes)

51
Q

Sympathetic Speciation

A

Genetic isolation without geographic separation in a population, leading to new species

52
Q

Ecological Succession

A

The predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

53
Q

Primary Succession

A

Ecological succession occurring on surfaces with bare rock and no soil

54
Q

Pioneer species

A

In primary succession, species that can survive with little or no soil

55
Q

Secondary Succession

A

The succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil

56
Q

Climax Commuity

A

Historically described as the final stage of succession

57
Q

How does succession begin/

A

Increase in Species richness, biomass, and productivity

58
Q

Indicator Species

A

Those which canan demonstrate characteristics of an ecosytem

EX: Lichens

59
Q

Key stone species

A

An organism that is a rock and necceistity of an ecosytem

60
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two species developing similar traits due to their habitants and co existence

61
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

hot river and ash that flow down a side of the river
Example of what occurs before primary succession

62
Q

Salizanation

A

Soil become saline

APES (6 decks)

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