Unit 3 (Modules 15-18) Flashcards
Generalist
Species that exist under a broad range of conditions
- wide variety of diet
- wide variety of habitat
- might end up invasive species
Specialists
Species that exist under a narrow range of conditions
- specialized diet ‘
- narrow habitat range
Most likely to become endangered/threatened
Population Growth Rate (Intrinsic Growth rate)
The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period.
Biotic Potential
Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources available, every population has a maximum potential for growth
Carry capacity
The limit to the # of individual that can be supported by an existing habitat or ecosystem, denoted as k
K selected species
A species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches the carrying capacity of the environment
R selected species
A species with high intrinic growth rate, and their population increases rapidly
R selected species
A species with high intrinic growth rate, and their population increases rapidly
Overshoot
When an population becomes larger than the environments carrying capicty
Dieback
The rapid decline in a population due to death (die-off(
Survivorship Curve
A graph that represents the distinct pattern of species survival as function of age
Type 1 Surviership
Shows high survival overtime, and large numbers of death in old age
Type 2 Surviership
Shows there is relatively constant decline over an entire lifespan
Type 3 Survivership
Shows high death rate early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood
What type are K selected species
1 and 2
What type is R selected species
3
Population Growth models
Mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment
Density Dependent factors
Influence the probability of survival depending on the population size
Density Independent factor
Factors that has the same effect on the probability of survival, regardless of the population
DI examples
Storms, fires, heat waves, drought
D2 Examples
Diseases transmission, territory size, food availability, access to clean air and water
Fecundity
The ability to produce an abundance of offspring
Exponential Growth Model
A growth model that estimates a population in the future size after a period of time based on the biotic potential and # of the reducing individuals currently in the population
J shaped curve
The curve of the expontial growth model when graphed
Logistic Growth Model
A population whose growth is initially epotential but shows as the population approaches carrying capicty
Demography
The study of human population and population trends
Demographer
A scientist in a field of demography
Examples if human population factors
Acces of health care, right control, education, economic prosperity, geopolitical conflicts
Immigration
The movement of people into another country or region
Emiigration
The movement of people out of a country or region
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The # of deaths per 1,000 individual per year
Net migration rate
The difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country
Life expectancy
The average number of years that an infant born in a particular country can be expected to live, given that currrecnt average life span and death rate in a country
Infant Mortality
the number of deaths per children under 1 year of age per 1,00 live births
Child Moralilty
The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births
Environmental Justice
The study of disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards experienced by peop;e of color, recent immigrants, and people of lower social economical backgrounds; and is both an academic field and a social movement
Age structure diagram
A visual representation of the number of individuals within a specific age group of a country, typically expressed in male and females
Population pyramid
An age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top; typaciily developing countries
Developing countries
Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
Developing countries
Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income
Developed countries
High income and industrialization
Population momentum
Continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented
Total Fertiltiy rate (TFR)
An estimate on average number of children that each women in a partiucaulr population will bear throughout her child bearing years
family planning
The regulation on the number of offspring through the use of birth control
Replacement level fertility
The total fertility rate required to offset the average # of deaths in a population in order to maintain current population sizev
Doubling time
The number of yers it takes for a population to double
Rule of 70
A method which dictates that by dividing by 70, the percentage population growth rate can be determine a populations doubling time
Theory of demographic transition
A country moves from high to lower birth and death rates as development occurs and that country moves from oreindustrialzed to industrialized in the economical system,
IPAT equation
A conceptual representation of the 3 major factors that influence environmental impact: population of humans, Affleunce, Technology
Global population growth rate percentage
([CBR-CDR]/10)x100
National population % growth rate
[(CBR+Immigration)-(CDR+Emmigration)]/10
Doubling time (years)
70/growth rate expressed in %
IPAT(Impact) equation
Population x affluence x technology
