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BIOLOGY > unit 4 > Flashcards

unit 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5’ AGT 3’. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is______

A

3’ UCA 5’

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2
Q

A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is ________.

A

AAA

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3
Q

During elongation, which site in the ribosome represents the location where a codon is being read?

A

A site

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4
Q

T or F. RNA is synthesized during a process called transcription.

A

true

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5
Q

What type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA?

A

nonsense

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6
Q

What type of mutation covered would have the least impact?

A

silent

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7
Q

What are the coding segments of the mRNA transcript called?

A

exons

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8
Q

What part of a gene marks the end and causes transcription to stop?

A

terminator

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9
Q

T or F. One of the functions of tRNA is to transfer nucleotides to rRNA.

A

false

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10
Q

What modification happens to the mRNA transcript at the 3’ end?

A

poly A tide

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11
Q

Name one difference between DNA and RNA.

A

T vs. U, # of strands, type of sugar

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12
Q

What enzyme is responsible for separating the two strands of DNA during replication?

A

Helicase

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13
Q

What is the strand called that has Okazaki fragments?

A

lagging

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14
Q

What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA
during replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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15
Q

Why type of base is cytosine?

A

pyrimidine

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16
Q

What keeps the two strands of DNA from coming back together after they have been separated?

A

single stranded binding proteins

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17
Q

Name the enzyme responsible for adding the primer to the template DNA strand.

A

primase

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18
Q

People with Xeroderma pigmentosum lack repair enzymes that proofread DNA and repair it this way.

A

nucleotide excision repair

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19
Q

ame the enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together.

A

DNA ligase

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20
Q

What type of base is adenine?

A

purine

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21
Q

What type of base is guanine?

A

purine

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22
Q

What type of base is thymine?

A

pyrimidine

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23
Q

What type of base is uracil?

A

nitrogenous

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24
Q

Who studied streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Frederick griffith

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24
Q

Which strain is harmless, rough or smooth?

A

rough

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25
Q

what is transformation?

A

a change in geno. & pheno. due to the assimilation of a foreign substance

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26
Q

what is nucleotide made of

A

nitrogen base, DNA and phosphate

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27
Q

what is the chargaff’s rule

A

A-T
G-C

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28
Q

how accurate is semiconservative model of replication?

A

only 1 error per billion nucleotides

28
Q

where is dna replication?

A

s phase

29
Q

Are single-stranded binding proteins polar?

A

true

30
Q

does 3 phosphates need to be present for replication?

A

true

31
Q

what are the strands in the double helix?

A

antiparallel

32
Q

Is OH group from 3´ or 5´?

A

3

33
Q

Is the phosphate group from 3´ or 5´?

A

5’

34
Q

what order is elongation?

A

5’ —-> 3’

35
Q

differences in leading and lagging strand?

A

leading; 3’ —> 5’
lagging: 5’ —> 3’

36
Q

what joins okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

37
Q

what does a leading strand require?

A

formation of only a single primer

38
Q

what does a lagging strand require?

A

formation of a new primer

39
Q

what are the 2 steps of DNA repair?

A
  1. proofreading
  2. a nuclease cuts out a segment of a damaged strand
40
Q

T or F. Does DNA get longer each time it is replicated

A

F

41
Q

do telomeres allow DNA to get shorter?

A

T

42
Q

telomere is in every cell

A

false

43
Q

where does DNA transcribe into RNA?

A

nucleus

44
Q

where is RNA transcribed into protein?

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

which is the only RNA that gets translated?

A

mRNA

46
Q

how are rna molecules read?

A

5’ —-> 3’

47
Q

what starts transcription?

A

Rna polymerase

48
Q

how much time RNA polymerase unwind during elongation?

A

10-20x

49
Q

what segments get removed ?

A

noncoding/ introns

50
Q

what 2 rna only help during translation?

A

tRNA & rRNA

51
Q

what is wobble?

A

3rd pairing of complementary base pairings doesn’t need to match

52
Q

how do know a tRNA will carry a certain aa?

A

each active site has a specific tRNA and aa combo

53
Q

where does termination occur during translation?

A

when 1/3 stop colons reaches A site

54
Q

polyribosome fxn

A

trail along the same mRNA to make copies polypeptide

55
Q

how long does it take for a ribosome to translate?

A

1 min

56
Q

what happens in translocation?

A

codons are decoded into a sequence of aa

57
Q

what are codons made up of?

A

3 blocks of nucleotides

58
Q

what happens in transcription?

A

DNA template strand turns into rna

59
Q

what are the stop codons?

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

60
Q

what is a smaller scale mutation?

A

point mutation

61
Q

what does nonsense mutations nearly always lead to?

A

nonfunctional protein

62
Q

the small, Xtra chromosomal DNA found in bacteria is called
A. Restriction enzymes
B. Plasmids
C. Bacteriophage
D. PCR

A

B. Plasmids

63
Q

T or F. bacteria is the workhouse of modern biotechnology

A

True

64
Q

what is the 2 steps of recombinant DNA

A
  1. a bacterial plasmid
  2. the gene of interest
65
Q

how will we get the gene of interest to the plasmid?
a. really small scissors
b. gel electrophoresis
c. PCR
d. restriction enzymes

A

d. restriction enzymes

66
Q

how do you prove that 2 samples of DNA come from the same person?

A
  1. STR (short tandem repeats)
  2. gel elecotrophoresis
67
Q

you isolate DNA from blood left at crime scene–whats next?
a. call in CSI Raleigh
b. use PCR to amplify DNA
c. splice it into plasmid
d. use gel electrophoresis to break up the DNA

A

b. use PCR to amplify DNA

68
Q
A

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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