Lord help me Flashcards
Give two characteristics of life.
Growth&Development, reproduction, order, irritability, regulation
A student wrote “The solution turned bluish-green in her notebook. What type of data is that?
qualitative data
T or F. A community is a group of interacting organisms of one species.
False
The study of fungi is commonly referred to as this.
Mycology
What is a something that has mass and takes up space called?
Matter
What is the atomic number of oxygen (8 electrons, 8 protons, 8 neutrons)?
8
Atom X has an atomic number of 15 and is a cation (magnitude of 1). How many electrons does it have?
14
Atom X also has an atomic weight of 32. How many neutrons does it have (use the information from question 7)?
17
This subatomic particle is responsible for the chemical properties of an atom.
Electron
What is a positively charged ion called?
Cation
What are the outermost electrons that are involved with bond formation called?
Valence
What type of bond is seen when electrons are shared between atoms?
Covalent
The tendency of water molecules to stick together is an example of what property of water?
cohesion
What are the dissolved particles in a solution called?
solute
What term is used to describe a substance that will not dissolve in water?
hydrophobic
These substances resist changes in pH.
buffers
What is the functional group COOH called?
Carboxyl
T or F. pH is a direct measurement of the OH concentration in a solution.
false
What are the repeating units called that will join to form macromolecules?
Monomers
This is the name of the reaction that joins smaller molecules to form larger ones.
dehydration synthesis
This is the general term given to a fatty acid that has some C=C double bonds.
unsaturated
This type of lipid aids in protection in plants and animals.
waxes
What is the name of the covalent bond that links carbohydrate monomers together?
Glyosidic linkage
What is the name of the bond that links amino acids together?
peptide
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates called?
monosaccharides
What are the repeating units called that will join to form macromolecules?
monomers
This is the name of the reaction that joins smaller molecules to form larger ones.
dehydration synthesis
What is a sugar called that has five carbons?
pentose
Starch is a polymer of what molecule?
glucose
T or F. Only plant cells have a vacuole.
false
Name one structure that is found in animal cells but not in plant cells.
centrioles
Name one difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
size, nucleus, membrane organelles (but tell me which one has which)
A muscle cell needs to store and release calcium. What organelle would be responsible for this?
smooth ER
T or F. All cells have a cell membrane.
true
What is the function of the nucleolus?
to produce ribosomal subunits
There is 15% sucrose outside a cell and 5% sucrose inside. What is the inside of the cell with respect to the outside?
Hypotonic
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
package and modify proteins
A cell is making a membrane protein. What organelle would be responsible for this?
rough ER (because the protein is going to the membrane)
This organelle is the site of cellular respiration.
mitochondria
In the above situation, in which direction will the water move?
water will leave the cell
What term would be used to describe this situation if it were a plant cell?
plasmolysis
All of the following are functions of membrane proteins EXCEPT:
A. cell-cell recognition
B. protein synthesis
C. signal transduction
D. transport
B. protein synthesis
In receptor mediated endocytosis, what is the name of the protein that is found coating the membrane?
clatharin
T or F. In an isotonic environment, water can still pass across a membrane.
true
A cell containing .5% Ca is surrounded by solution that has .3% Ca. How could the cell obtain more Ca?
active transport
The engulfing of fluids by a cell is called this (be specific).
pinocytosis
The kinds of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are:
A. large and hydrophobic
B. small and hydrophobic
C. large polar molecule
D. ionic
B. small and hydrophobic
What function does cholesterol serve in the cell membrane during colder temperatures?
they serve as spacers during colder temps – prevents cell membrane from solidifying
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
B) ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
D) T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
This is the substance that the enzyme acts on.
substrate
T or F. In an exergonic reaction, the energy of the products is greater than the reactants.
false
What term describes what happens when enzymes are exposed to unfavorable temperatures or pH?
denatured
Briefly, how do enzymes work?
they lower the energy of activation
This is the energy that actually does work.
kinetic
T or F. An endergonic reaction requires energy and is usually seen in anabolic
reactions.
true
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
A) anabolic reactions
B) hydrolysis
C) digestion
D) catabolic reactions
A) anabolic reactions
What is the name of the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds?
active site
Name one difference between DNA and RNA.
T v. U
What is the strand called that has Okazaki fragments?
lagging
What type of base is cytosine?
pyrimidine
What enzyme is responsible for separating the two strands of DNA during replication?
Helicase
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA during replication?
DNA polymerase
What type of base is thymine?
Pyrimidines
What type of base is adenine?
purine
What type of base is guanine?
purine
What type of base is uracil?
nitrogen
What keeps the two strands of DNA from coming back together after they have been separated?
single stranded binding proteins
People with Xeroderma pigmentosum lack repair enzymes that proofread DNA and repair it this way.
nucleotide excision repair
Name the enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together.
DNA ligase
Write the reaction for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + energy ——–> O2 + C6H12O6
T or F. If something is reduced, it has lost electrons.
false
Which has the most amount of energy, longer or shorter wavelengths?
shorter
What is the specialized tissue inside of a leaf called where there is a high concentration of chloroplasts?
mesophyll
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through specialized pores called this.
stomata
What are the two products produced in the light reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP & NADPH
What photosystem is involved with cyclic electron flow?
1
What photosystem produces NADPH?
1
What is the name of the reaction center seen in Photosystem I?
P700
What enzyme is responsible for fixing CO2 to RuBP?
rubisco
Write the reaction for cellular respiration (it does not have to be balanced).
C6H12O6 + O2 ———> CO2 + H2O + energy
What are the folds along the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?
cristae
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?
2
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
What term is used to describe the way the ATP are produced during the Kreb’s cycle?
substrate level phosphorylation
How many FADH2 molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?
2 (it goes through the Kreb’s cycle twice per glucose molecule)
How many NADH molecules are produced from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle?
3
How many ATP are produced from every NADH molecule?
3
What is the constricted area common to both sister chromatids called?
centromere
In what stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
What is the name of the protein that keeps the sister chromatids together?
Cohesin
T or F. Mitosis may occur without cytokinesis.
true
Cells that are no longer actively dividing are found in what part of the cell cycle?
G0
You are viewing a cell and see that the formation of the cell plate is beginning across the middle of the cell and nuclei are re-forming at opposite ends of the cell. What kind of cell is this and what stage is it in?
plant cell – telophase/cyokinesis
In function, the animal cell structure that is analogous to a plant cell’s cell plate is the _______.
cleavage furrow
If there are 20 centromeres in a cell, how many chromosomes are there?
20
What term is used to describe the way that prokaryotic organisms divide?
binary fission
In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in _____
zygotes
In what stage of mitosis does the nuclear membrane start to break down?
prophase
If the liver cells of an animal have 24 chromosomes, its sperm cells would have how many chromosomes?
12
Crossing over occurs in what stage of meiosis?
prophase 1
What is the process called where tetrads will form?
synapsis
What name is given to the process that restores the diploid number of chromosomes?
fertilization
What is the point called where the tetrads are touching?
chiasmata
Widow’s peak is a dominant trait over having no widow’s peak. What phenotype
would a heterozygous individual display?
widows peak
During meiosis, tetrads align along the metaphase plate during _______.
metaphase 1
Besides crossing over, name one other thing that is responsible for the genetic variation seen in meiosis.
random fertilization or independent assortment
The DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is measured. If the DNA content is x, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be _____.
2x
if we continued to follow the cell lineage from the above question, then the DNA content at metaphase of meiosis II would be _____
x
A woman, who is blood type B has a child who is type O. What is this woman’s
genotype?
IBi
Snapdragons are a type of flower that exhibit incomplete dominance. When red flowers are crossed with white flowers, the next generation all have pink flowers. What term is used to describe the genotype of the pink flowers?
heterozygous
What term is used to describe when two or more genes alter the expression of
another gene?
epistasis
Tall stems are dominant to short stems and inflated pods are dominant to
constricted pods. List all the possible gametes that a true breeding inflated pod,
tall stemmed plant could produce.
TI (four of them)
In pea plants, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. You have a
purple flower and want to determine its genotype. Name the type of cross you
would perform that would accomplish this.
testcross
Genes A, B and C all influence the same trait. What type of inheritance is this?
polygenic inheritance
You are examining the inheritance of two traits but find that they behave as if only one trait is being passed on. Briefly, what could explain these findings?
they are linked
What term is used to described when one gene alters the expression of 2 or more
traits?
pleiotropy
Name the type of chromosomal mutation where a lost segment of one chromosome reattaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome.
translocation
Again, purple flower color is dominant to white flower color. If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a white flowered plant, what is the phenotypic ratio of the resulting offspring?
2:2 or 1:1
What is the term used to describe when the members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart in Meiosis I?
nondisjunction
Out of the two ways to do a karyotype on a fetus, which one is the quickest?
CVS
Name one type of sex chromosomal disorder where there is an uneven number of sex chromosomes. Include the genotype of the disorder.
one example: Turner’s Syndrome - XO
What is trisomy 18 called?
Edward’s syndrome
T or F. The incidence of Down syndrome occurring increases with the age of
the mother.
true
Give one example of an autosomal recessive disorder.
albinism
cystic fibrosis
sickle-cell disease
Give one example of an autosomal dominant disorder.
alzheimer’s
achondroplasia
polydactyly
T or F. Some mutations are actually beneficial.
true
What is the inactivated X chromosome in females called?
Barr body
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5’ AGT 3’. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is_________.
3’ UCA 5’
A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon is ________.
AAA
During elongation, which site in the ribosome represents the location where a codon is being read?
A site
T or F. RNA is synthesized during a process called transcription.
true
What type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA?
nonsense
What type of mutation covered would have the least impact?
silent
What are the coding segments of the mRNA transcript called?
exons
What part of a gene marks the end and causes transcription to stop?
terminator
T or F. One of the functions of tRNA is to transfer nucleotides to rRNA.
false
What modification happens to the mRNA transcript at the 3’ end?
poly A tail
