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BIOLOGY > BIO Unit 4 key words > Flashcards

BIO Unit 4 key words Flashcards

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1
Q

Transformation

A

A change in geno. & pheno. due to the assimilation of a foreign substance by a cell

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2
Q

T2 Phage

A

a virulent bacteriophage which infects E. coli bacteria.

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3
Q

Radioactive sulfur

A

Labels DNA or RNA

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4
Q

Radioactive Phosphorus

A

Marks DNA not protein

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5
Q

Chargraff’s rules

A

complimentary bases

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6
Q

Complementary Base Pairings

A

T-A C-G U-A

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7
Q

X-ray measurement

A

Measurements that keep pairings in

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8
Q

purine-purine pair

A

Paring that’s too wide

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9
Q

pyrimidine-purine pair

A

Pairing that fits/work

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10
Q

pyrimidine-pyrimidine pair

A

Paring that’s too short

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11
Q

DNA Replication

A

When a cell copies a DNA molecule + each strands serves as a template for ordering nucleotides into a new complimentary strand

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12
Q

Semiconservative model of replication

A

Remarkably accurate—only 1 error per billion nucleotides

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13
Q

Origin of replication

A

the genomic regions at which DNA replication starts

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14
Q

Replication forks

A

Y-shaped region in a cell where DNA helicase unwinds the double helix of DNA, creating two single-stranded templates.

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15
Q

Helicase

A

Untwist & separates the template DNA strands at the replication fork

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16
Q

Single stranded binding proteins

A

keep the unpaired strands apart during replication

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17
Q

DNA polymerases

A

Catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork

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18
Q

Polarity

A

opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other.

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19
Q

Nucleoside trophosphate

A

Raw nucleotide, each has a nitrogen base, DNA, & triphosphate tail

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20
Q

Hydrolyzed

A

the last 2 P in Nucleoside trophosphate, a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance

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21
Q

Exergonic hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or work.

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22
Q

Polymerization

A

monomers (1) —> polymers (2+)

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23
Q

Antiparrel

A

strands in the double helix

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24
Q

Leading strands

A

can be used by polymerases as a template for a continous complimentary strand (3’ –> 5’)

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25
Q

Lagging strands

A

is copied away from the fork in short segment (Okazagi fragments) (5’–>3’)

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26
Q

Okazagi fragments

A

Lagging strands

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27
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds.

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28
Q

OH

A

Hydroxide

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29
Q

Catalyze

A

to make a chemical reaction happen or happen more quickly

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30
Q

Topisomerase

A

corrects “overwinding”

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31
Q

Primase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers

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32
Q

Germ-line cells

A

ensuring that zygotes have long telomere

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33
Q

Telomerase

A

uses a short molecule of RNA as a template to extend 3’ end of telomere

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34
Q

Telomeres

A

special nucleotide sequence (allows DNA to get shorter )

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35
Q

Xerodema pigmentosum

A

hypersensitive to sunlight

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36
Q

Nuclease

A

cuts out a segment of a damaged strand

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37
Q

Nucleotides exclusion repair

A

a pathway that repairs replicating DNA throughout the cell cycle.

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38
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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39
Q

Transcription

A

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

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40
Q

m(messenger)RNA

A

only RNA that gets translated

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41
Q

RNA polymerase

A

separates DNA strands & bonds RNA nucleotide as they bp

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42
Q

DNA mark

A

where gene transcription begins & ends

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43
Q

TATA box

A

2 H bonds

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44
Q

promoter

A

binds to here to start transcription

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45
Q

Transcription unit

A

what gets transcribed

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46
Q

Ribozyme

A

fxns as an enzymes = organic catalyst

47
Q

Alt. RNA splicing

A

2 or more diff. polypeptides–treated as exons

48
Q

HGP

A

Human Genome Project

49
Q

single gene

A

several RNA polymerase

50
Q

5’ cap

A

end of the molecule which terminates in a 5’ phosphate group.

51
Q

poly (A) tail

A

helps export

52
Q

termination signal

A

found at the end of the part of the chromosome being transcribed during transcription of mRNA

53
Q

RNA splicing

A

process that removes the intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (introns) from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding sequences (exons) together in order to enable translation of mRNA into a protein.

54
Q

introns

A

NONcoding segments (have to get removed)

55
Q

extrons

A

coding regions

56
Q

splicesosomes

A

proteins & small nuclear rna

57
Q

snRNA

A

small nuclear RNA molecule

58
Q

t(transfer)RNA

A

transfer aa from the cytoplasm to a ribosomes

58
Q

anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule

59
Q

codon

A

3 groups of nucleotide in mRNA

60
Q

wobble

A

the 3rd pairing doesn’t have to pair
A U C
U A A

61
Q

aminocyl–tRNA synthetase

A

will recognize the tRNA and aa combination

62
Q

E site

A

discharge tRNA leave the ribosome

62
Q

subunits

A

joins to form a ribosome only when they attach to an mRNA molecule

63
Q

A site

A

carries the tRNA w/ the next aa

64
Q

P site

A

holds tRNA carrying the growing the polypeptide chain

65
Q

Intiation

A

brings together mRNA, a tRNA w/ 1st aa & 2 ribosomal subunits

66
Q

methionine

A

used in translation initation complex

67
Q

codon recongition

A

occurs btw mRNA condon under A site w/ corresponding anticodon of tRNA carrying appropriate era

67
Q

elongation

A

consist of a series of 3 step cycle as each aa is added to the proceeding one

68
Q

peptide bonds formation

A

rRNA catalyze the formation of a peptide bonds btw the polypeptide in P site w/ new aa in A site

69
Q

translocation

A

the ribosome moves the tRNA w/ the attached polypeptide from the A site –> p site

70
Q

release factor

A

binds to the stop codon & hydrolyze the bond btw the polypeptide & its tRNA in the p site

71
Q

stop codons

A

stops

72
Q

polyribosome

A

multiple ribosomes

73
Q

template strands

A

provide a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotide in RNA transcript

74
Q

AUG

A
75
Q

UAA

A

stop codon

76
Q

UAG

A

stop codon

77
Q

UGA

A

stop codon

78
Q

point mutations

A

results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotide w/ another nucleotide pair

79
Q

base pair substitution

A

basically insertions/deletions

80
Q

silent mutation

A

alt. of nucleotide still indicate the same aa bc of redundancy in the genetic code

81
Q

insertions

A

addition of nucleotide in a gene

82
Q

missense mutations

A

still code for an aa but change the indicated aa

83
Q

nonsense mutations

A

change an aa codon into stop codon nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein

84
Q

deletions

A

lose of nucleotide in a gene

85
Q

frame shift mutations

A

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

86
Q

DNA technology

A

scientists can manipulate DNA

87
Q

GMO

A

Genetically modified organisms

88
Q

GM foods

A

Genetically modified food

89
Q

Transgenic Organisms

A

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

90
Q

Plasmids

A

skeleton

91
Q

vectors

A

a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique.

92
Q

cDNA

A

doesn’t contain introns

93
Q

restriction enzymes

A

proteins that cleave DNA at specific sites

94
Q

restriction fragments

A

cuts that produce Dna

95
Q

short tandem repeats (STR)

A

repetitive sequences of DNA that are repeated various times in the genome

96
Q

gel elecotrophesis

A

used to separate DNA fragment

97
Q

PCR

A

technique that amplifies DNA sequences rapidly and easily

98
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

forensic science

99
Q

capillary electrophresis

A

is used to separate these fragments

100
Q

DNA sequencing

A

the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA.

101
Q

Sanger termination method

A

type of DNA sequencing

102
Q

Sanger sequencing

A

think of it as combining a form of PCR & type of electrophoresis

103
Q

ddNTP

A

Dideoxynucleotides

104
Q

didoxynucleotide

A

chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase

105
Q

DNA probes

A

a single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA that is used to identify specific sequences of DNA or RNA

106
Q

cystic fibrosis allele

A

ex of DNA probe

107
Q

human gene therapy

A

medical technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or prevent diseases

108
Q

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)

A

another defense mechanism of bacteria to combat viruses

109
Q

CAS 9

A

enzyme that binds to guide RNA that can be engineered to bind a specific target DNA sequence

110
Q

operons

A

in pro genes for related enzymes are often controlled together by being grouped into regulatory units

111
Q

lac operon

A

produces enzymes that breaks down lactose only when lactose is present

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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