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BIOLOGY > BIO Unit 4 key words > Flashcards

BIO Unit 4 key words Flashcards

1
Q

Transformation

A

A change in geno. & pheno. due to the assimilation of a foreign substance by a cell

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2
Q

T2 Phage

A

a virulent bacteriophage which infects E. coli bacteria.

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3
Q

Radioactive sulfur

A

Labels DNA or RNA

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4
Q

Radioactive Phosphorus

A

Marks DNA not protein

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5
Q

Chargraff’s rules

A

complimentary bases

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6
Q

Complementary Base Pairings

A

T-A C-G U-A

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7
Q

X-ray measurement

A

Measurements that keep pairings in

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8
Q

purine-purine pair

A

Paring that’s too wide

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9
Q

pyrimidine-purine pair

A

Pairing that fits/work

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10
Q

pyrimidine-pyrimidine pair

A

Paring that’s too short

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11
Q

DNA Replication

A

When a cell copies a DNA molecule + each strands serves as a template for ordering nucleotides into a new complimentary strand

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12
Q

Semiconservative model of replication

A

Remarkably accurate—only 1 error per billion nucleotides

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13
Q

Origin of replication

A

the genomic regions at which DNA replication starts

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14
Q

Replication forks

A

Y-shaped region in a cell where DNA helicase unwinds the double helix of DNA, creating two single-stranded templates.

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15
Q

Helicase

A

Untwist & separates the template DNA strands at the replication fork

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16
Q

Single stranded binding proteins

A

keep the unpaired strands apart during replication

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17
Q

DNA polymerases

A

Catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork

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18
Q

Polarity

A

opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other.

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19
Q

Nucleoside trophosphate

A

Raw nucleotide, each has a nitrogen base, DNA, & triphosphate tail

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20
Q

Hydrolyzed

A

the last 2 P in Nucleoside trophosphate, a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance

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21
Q

Exergonic hydrolysis

A

chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat or work.

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22
Q

Polymerization

A

monomers (1) —> polymers (2+)

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23
Q

Antiparrel

A

strands in the double helix

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24
Q

Leading strands

A

can be used by polymerases as a template for a continous complimentary strand (3’ –> 5’)

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25
Lagging strands
is copied away from the fork in short segment (Okazagi fragments) (5'-->3')
26
Okazagi fragments
Lagging strands
27
DNA ligase
enzyme that joins DNA strands together by forming phosphodiester bonds.
28
OH
Hydroxide
29
Catalyze
to make a chemical reaction happen or happen more quickly
30
Topisomerase
corrects "overwinding"
31
Primase
an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers
32
Germ-line cells
ensuring that zygotes have long telomere
33
Telomerase
uses a short molecule of RNA as a template to extend 3' end of telomere
34
Telomeres
special nucleotide sequence (allows DNA to get shorter )
35
Xerodema pigmentosum
hypersensitive to sunlight
36
Nuclease
cuts out a segment of a damaged strand
37
Nucleotides exclusion repair
a pathway that repairs replicating DNA throughout the cell cycle.
38
Central Dogma
DNA -> RNA -> protein
39
Transcription
the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA
40
m(messenger)RNA
only RNA that gets translated
41
RNA polymerase
separates DNA strands & bonds RNA nucleotide as they bp
42
DNA mark
where gene transcription begins & ends
43
TATA box
2 H bonds
44
promoter
binds to here to start transcription
45
Transcription unit
what gets transcribed
46
Ribozyme
fxns as an enzymes = organic catalyst
47
Alt. RNA splicing
2 or more diff. polypeptides--treated as exons
48
HGP
Human Genome Project
49
single gene
several RNA polymerase
50
5' cap
end of the molecule which terminates in a 5' phosphate group.
51
poly (A) tail
helps export
52
termination signal
found at the end of the part of the chromosome being transcribed during transcription of mRNA
53
RNA splicing
process that removes the intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (introns) from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding sequences (exons) together in order to enable translation of mRNA into a protein.
54
introns
NONcoding segments (have to get removed)
55
extrons
coding regions
56
splicesosomes
proteins & small nuclear rna
57
snRNA
small nuclear RNA molecule
58
t(transfer)RNA
transfer aa from the cytoplasm to a ribosomes
58
anticodon
a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) found at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule
59
codon
3 groups of nucleotide in mRNA
60
wobble
the 3rd pairing doesn't have to pair A U C U A A
61
aminocyl--tRNA synthetase
will recognize the tRNA and aa combination
62
E site
discharge tRNA leave the ribosome
62
subunits
joins to form a ribosome only when they attach to an mRNA molecule
63
A site
carries the tRNA w/ the next aa
64
P site
holds tRNA carrying the growing the polypeptide chain
65
Intiation
brings together mRNA, a tRNA w/ 1st aa & 2 ribosomal subunits
66
methionine
used in translation initation complex
67
codon recongition
occurs btw mRNA condon under A site w/ corresponding anticodon of tRNA carrying appropriate era
67
elongation
consist of a series of 3 step cycle as each aa is added to the proceeding one
68
peptide bonds formation
rRNA catalyze the formation of a peptide bonds btw the polypeptide in P site w/ new aa in A site
69
translocation
the ribosome moves the tRNA w/ the attached polypeptide from the A site --> p site
70
release factor
binds to the stop codon & hydrolyze the bond btw the polypeptide & its tRNA in the p site
71
stop codons
stops
72
polyribosome
multiple ribosomes
73
template strands
provide a template for ordering the sequence of nucleotide in RNA transcript
74
AUG
75
UAA
stop codon
76
UAG
stop codon
77
UGA
stop codon
78
point mutations
results in replacement of a pair of complimentary nucleotide w/ another nucleotide pair
79
base pair substitution
basically insertions/deletions
80
silent mutation
alt. of nucleotide still indicate the same aa bc of redundancy in the genetic code
81
insertions
addition of nucleotide in a gene
82
missense mutations
still code for an aa but change the indicated aa
83
nonsense mutations
change an aa codon into stop codon nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein
84
deletions
lose of nucleotide in a gene
85
frame shift mutations
a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read
86
DNA technology
scientists can manipulate DNA
87
GMO
Genetically modified organisms
88
GM foods
Genetically modified food
89
Transgenic Organisms
an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means
90
Plasmids
skeleton
91
vectors
a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to carry a particular DNA segment into a host cell as part of a cloning or recombinant DNA technique.
92
cDNA
doesn't contain introns
93
restriction enzymes
proteins that cleave DNA at specific sites
94
restriction fragments
cuts that produce Dna
95
short tandem repeats (STR)
repetitive sequences of DNA that are repeated various times in the genome
96
gel elecotrophesis
used to separate DNA fragment
97
PCR
technique that amplifies DNA sequences rapidly and easily
98
DNA fingerprinting
forensic science
99
capillary electrophresis
is used to separate these fragments
100
DNA sequencing
the process of determining the sequence of nucleotide bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) in a piece of DNA.
101
Sanger termination method
type of DNA sequencing
102
Sanger sequencing
think of it as combining a form of PCR & type of electrophoresis
103
ddNTP
Dideoxynucleotides
104
didoxynucleotide
chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase
105
DNA probes
a single-stranded sequence of DNA or RNA that is used to identify specific sequences of DNA or RNA
106
cystic fibrosis allele
ex of DNA probe
107
human gene therapy
medical technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent diseases
108
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)
another defense mechanism of bacteria to combat viruses
109
CAS 9
enzyme that binds to guide RNA that can be engineered to bind a specific target DNA sequence
110
operons
in pro genes for related enzymes are often controlled together by being grouped into regulatory units
111
lac operon
produces enzymes that breaks down lactose only when lactose is present

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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