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BIOLOGY > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

There is 15% sucrose outside a cell and 5% sucrose inside. What is the inside of the cell with respect to the outside?

A

Hypotonic

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2
Q

What happens in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will leave the cell

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3
Q

What term would be used to describe this situation if it were a plant cell?

A

Plasmolysis

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4
Q

All of the following are functions of membrane proteins EXCEPT:
a. cell-cell recognition b. protein synthesis
c. signal transduction d. transport

A

B. Protein synthesis

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5
Q

In receptor mediated endocytosis, what is the name of the protein that is found coating the membrane?

A

Clatharin

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6
Q

T or F. In an isotonic environment, water can still pass across a membrane.

A

True

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7
Q

A cell containing .5% Ca is surrounded by solution that has .3% Ca. How could
the cell obtain more Ca?

A

Active transport

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8
Q

The engulfing of fluids by a cell is called this ….

A

Pinocytosis

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9
Q

The kinds of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are:
a. large and hydrophobic
b. small and hydrophobic
c. large polar molecules
d. ionic

A

B. Small and hydrophobic

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10
Q

What function does cholesterol serve in the cell membrane during colder temperatures?

A

They serve as spacers during colder temps – prevents cell membrane from solidifying

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11
Q

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
B) ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
D) T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.

A

C) ΔG is the change in free energy.

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12
Q

This is the substance that the enzyme acts on…

A

Substrate

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13
Q

T or F. In an exergonic reaction, the energy of the products is greater than the reactants.

A

False

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14
Q

What term describes what happens when enzymes are exposed to unfavorable temperatures or pH?

A

Denatured

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15
Q

Briefly, how do enzymes work?

A

They lower the energy of activation

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16
Q

This is the energy that actually does work.

A

Kinetic

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17
Q

T or F. An endergonic reaction requires energy and is usually seen in anabolic reactions.

A

True

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18
Q

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
A) anabolic reactions
B) hydrolysis
C) digestion
D) catabolic reactions

A

A) Anabolic reactions

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19
Q

What is the name of the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds?

A

Active site

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20
Q

The initial energy investment required to have reactions proceed is called this.

A

Energy of activation

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21
Q

Write the reaction for photosynthesis (it does not have to be balanced).

A

CO2 + H2O + energy ——–> O2 + C6H12O6

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22
Q

T or F. If something is reduced, it has lost electrons.

A

False

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23
Q

Which has the most amount of energy, longer or shorter wavelengths?

A

Shorter

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24
Q

What is the specialized tissue inside of a leaf called where there is a high concentration of chloroplasts?

A

mesophyll

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25
Q

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through specialized pores called this.

A

stomata

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26
Q

What are the two products produced in the light reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP & NADPH

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27
Q

What photosystem is involved with cyclic electron flow?

A

1

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28
Q

What photosystem produces NADPH?

A

1

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29
Q

What is the name of the reaction center seen in Photosystem I?

A

P700

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30
Q

What enzyme is responsible for fixing CO2 to RuBP?

A

rubisco

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31
Q

Write the reaction for cellular respiration (it does not have to be balanced).

A

CHO + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy

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32
Q

What are the folds along the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

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33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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34
Q

How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

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35
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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36
Q

What term is used to describe the way the ATP are produced during the Kreb’s cycle?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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37
Q

How many FADH2 molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?

A

2 (it goes through the Kreb’s cycle twice per glucose molecule)

38
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

3

39
Q

How many ATP are produced from every NADH molecule?

A

3

40
Q

What does pyruvate turn into when it is oxidized in muscle cells as a result of a
lack of oxygen?

A

Lactic acid

41
Q

Energy source of simple diffusion

A

Kinetic energy

42
Q

Energy source of Facilitated Diffusion

A

Kinetic Energy

43
Q

The energy source of Osmosis

A

Kinetic energy

44
Q

Energy source of filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

What is the difference btw ender and exergonic rxns?

A

Ender: Products up, reactants down, spontaneous
Exer: Reactants up, products down, non spontaneous

46
Q

Chlorophyll a has?

A

CH3

47
Q

Chlorophyl has?

A

CHO

48
Q

Name the 6 function of the membrane

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic
  3. Receptors for signal transduction
  4. Intercellular adhesion
  5. Cell-cell recognition
  6. Attachment to cytoskeleton & ECM
49
Q

What do Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis have in common?

A

They are all passive processes

50
Q

What happens to a plant cell in isotonic solution?

A

Flaccid

51
Q

What happens to plant cell in Hypertonic solution?

A

Plasmolyzed

52
Q

Proton pump is which protein ?

A

Channel protein

53
Q

Difference btw exocytosis & endocytosis ?

A

Exo. moves large substances out,
Endo moves them in

54
Q

△G is ?

A

Free energy

55
Q

△H is ?

A

total energy

56
Q

△S?

A

Change in entropy/disorder

57
Q

T ?

A

Temp. in Kelvin units

58
Q

How do enzymes form?

A

Lowering of activation energy

59
Q

What is the optimal pH and temp for every enzyme ?

A

outside of 7

60
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

61
Q

What is Reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

62
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the leaves of chloroplast

63
Q

What is mesophyll?

A

Higher [] or chlorplast

64
Q

What are the steps of photosynthesis?

A

Light rxn and Calvin Cycle

65
Q

Difference btw NADP or NADPH?

A

NADP=oxidized
NADPH=reduced

66
Q

How many carbon sugars are in 1 turn of the Calvin Cycle ?

A

3

67
Q

Remember this

A

Energy -> Photosynthesis -> Cellular Resp. -> energy -> cell division

68
Q

How many NADH are produced in the Kerbs Cycle per glucose?

A

6

69
Q

How many NADH are produced in glycolysis per glucose molecule?

A

2

70
Q

How much ATP is produced in 1 NADH?

A

3

71
Q

How much ATP is produced in 1 FADH2?

A

2

72
Q

In glycolysis, —– is oxidized & —– is reduced?

A

Glucose, NADH

73
Q

Fermentation is ……

A

The only way organisms can go through cellular repsiration

74
Q

When there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid will build up. Why? Because the cell needs a way to replenish —–

A

NAD+

75
Q

In cellular respiration, Polysaccharides …

A

monosaccharides -> glucose-> glycolysis -> bridge rxn -> kerbs

76
Q

In cellular respiration, proteins…

A

go to kerbs

77
Q

In cellular respiration, fats

A

broken into fatty acids and glycerol -> glycolysis -> kerbs

78
Q

The first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be changed from 1 form to another

79
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy changes are not 100% efficient

80
Q

What does entropy use?

A

ATP & heat & phosphate

81
Q

What is 5% solute inside and 5% water outside?

A

Isotonic

82
Q

What is 10% solute inside and 5% outside the cell?

A

Hypertonic

83
Q

What is 5% solute inside and 10% outside the cell?

A

Hypotonic

84
Q

Animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Lysed

85
Q

Plant cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Turgid/Normal

86
Q

Plant cell in an Isotonic solution?

A

Flaccid

87
Q

Animal cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Crenation

88
Q

What is vesicular transport?

A

Transports of large particles & macromolecules across plasma membranes

89
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Solid particles

90
Q

Where does Bridge Rxn occur in?

A

Cytoplasm

91
Q

Where does ETC occur>

A

Cristate

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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