Unit 2 Flashcards
There is 15% sucrose outside a cell and 5% sucrose inside. What is the inside of the cell with respect to the outside?
Hypotonic
What happens in a hypotonic solution?
Water will leave the cell
What term would be used to describe this situation if it were a plant cell?
Plasmolysis
All of the following are functions of membrane proteins EXCEPT:
a. cell-cell recognition b. protein synthesis
c. signal transduction d. transport
B. Protein synthesis
In receptor mediated endocytosis, what is the name of the protein that is found coating the membrane?
Clatharin
T or F. In an isotonic environment, water can still pass across a membrane.
True
A cell containing .5% Ca is surrounded by solution that has .3% Ca. How could
the cell obtain more Ca?
Active transport
The engulfing of fluids by a cell is called this ….
Pinocytosis
The kinds of molecules that pass through a cell membrane most easily are:
a. large and hydrophobic
b. small and hydrophobic
c. large polar molecules
d. ionic
B. Small and hydrophobic
What function does cholesterol serve in the cell membrane during colder temperatures?
They serve as spacers during colder temps – prevents cell membrane from solidifying
The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH - TΔS. Which of the following is (are) correct?
A) ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.
B) ΔH is the change in entropy, the energy available to do work.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
D) T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.
C) ΔG is the change in free energy.
This is the substance that the enzyme acts on…
Substrate
T or F. In an exergonic reaction, the energy of the products is greater than the reactants.
False
What term describes what happens when enzymes are exposed to unfavorable temperatures or pH?
Denatured
Briefly, how do enzymes work?
They lower the energy of activation
This is the energy that actually does work.
Kinetic
T or F. An endergonic reaction requires energy and is usually seen in anabolic reactions.
True
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
A) anabolic reactions
B) hydrolysis
C) digestion
D) catabolic reactions
A) Anabolic reactions
What is the name of the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds?
Active site
The initial energy investment required to have reactions proceed is called this.
Energy of activation
Write the reaction for photosynthesis (it does not have to be balanced).
CO2 + H2O + energy ——–> O2 + C6H12O6
T or F. If something is reduced, it has lost electrons.
False
Which has the most amount of energy, longer or shorter wavelengths?
Shorter
What is the specialized tissue inside of a leaf called where there is a high concentration of chloroplasts?
mesophyll
Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through specialized pores called this.
stomata
What are the two products produced in the light reactions that are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP & NADPH
What photosystem is involved with cyclic electron flow?
1
What photosystem produces NADPH?
1
What is the name of the reaction center seen in Photosystem I?
P700
What enzyme is responsible for fixing CO2 to RuBP?
rubisco
Write the reaction for cellular respiration (it does not have to be balanced).
CHO + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + energy
What are the folds along the inner membrane of the mitochondria called?
Cristae
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?
2
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What term is used to describe the way the ATP are produced during the Kreb’s cycle?
substrate level phosphorylation
How many FADH2 molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?
2 (it goes through the Kreb’s cycle twice per glucose molecule)
How many NADH molecules are produced from one turn of the Kreb’s cycle?
3
How many ATP are produced from every NADH molecule?
3
What does pyruvate turn into when it is oxidized in muscle cells as a result of a
lack of oxygen?
Lactic acid
Energy source of simple diffusion
Kinetic energy
Energy source of Facilitated Diffusion
Kinetic Energy
The energy source of Osmosis
Kinetic energy
Energy source of filtration
Hydrostatic pressure
What is the difference btw ender and exergonic rxns?
Ender: Products up, reactants down, spontaneous
Exer: Reactants up, products down, non spontaneous
Chlorophyll a has?
CH3
Chlorophyl has?
CHO
Name the 6 function of the membrane
- Transport
- Enzymatic
- Receptors for signal transduction
- Intercellular adhesion
- Cell-cell recognition
- Attachment to cytoskeleton & ECM
What do Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis have in common?
They are all passive processes
What happens to a plant cell in isotonic solution?
Flaccid
What happens to plant cell in Hypertonic solution?
Plasmolyzed
Proton pump is which protein ?
Channel protein
Difference btw exocytosis & endocytosis ?
Exo. moves large substances out,
Endo moves them in
△G is ?
Free energy
△H is ?
total energy
△S?
Change in entropy/disorder
T ?
Temp. in Kelvin units
How do enzymes form?
Lowering of activation energy
What is the optimal pH and temp for every enzyme ?
outside of 7
What is oxidation?
Loss of electrons
What is Reduction?
Gain of electrons
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In the leaves of chloroplast
What is mesophyll?
Higher [] or chlorplast
What are the steps of photosynthesis?
Light rxn and Calvin Cycle
Difference btw NADP or NADPH?
NADP=oxidized
NADPH=reduced
How many carbon sugars are in 1 turn of the Calvin Cycle ?
3
Remember this
Energy -> Photosynthesis -> Cellular Resp. -> energy -> cell division
How many NADH are produced in the Kerbs Cycle per glucose?
6
How many NADH are produced in glycolysis per glucose molecule?
2
How much ATP is produced in 1 NADH?
3
How much ATP is produced in 1 FADH2?
2
In glycolysis, —– is oxidized & —– is reduced?
Glucose, NADH
Fermentation is ……
The only way organisms can go through cellular repsiration
When there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid will build up. Why? Because the cell needs a way to replenish —–
NAD+
In cellular respiration, Polysaccharides …
monosaccharides -> glucose-> glycolysis -> bridge rxn -> kerbs
In cellular respiration, proteins…
go to kerbs
In cellular respiration, fats
broken into fatty acids and glycerol -> glycolysis -> kerbs
The first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be changed from 1 form to another
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy changes are not 100% efficient
What does entropy use?
ATP & heat & phosphate
What is 5% solute inside and 5% water outside?
Isotonic
What is 10% solute inside and 5% outside the cell?
Hypertonic
What is 5% solute inside and 10% outside the cell?
Hypotonic
Animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
Lysed
Plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
Turgid/Normal
Plant cell in an Isotonic solution?
Flaccid
Animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
Crenation
What is vesicular transport?
Transports of large particles & macromolecules across plasma membranes
Phagocytosis
Solid particles
Where does Bridge Rxn occur in?
Cytoplasm
Where does ETC occur>
Cristate
