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BIOLOGY > Unit 3 key words > Flashcards

Unit 3 key words Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Histones

A

protein that contains a genome

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2
Q

Nucleosomes

A

8 histones + 146 bp / coiled histones

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3
Q

genome

A

A haploid set of chromosomes in a microorganism

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4
Q

Cell division

A

Where 1 cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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5
Q

Daughter cells

A

Cells that come from 1 single parent cell

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6
Q

Chromosomes arm

A

The second half and a bigger part of a whole chromosome

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7
Q

G1

A

-cell increases
-increase in # of ribosomes

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8
Q

G2

A

Organelles will replicate
Final stage

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9
Q

S

A

DNA replication

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10
Q

Interphase

A

Where chromosomes duplicate and cell parts are made

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11
Q

Miotic phase / M phase

A

Where cell division occurs

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12
Q

Biochemical activity

A

The way the body converts food into energy

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13
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 identical chromatids formed by the replication of chromosomes

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14
Q

Cohesions

A

sticking of particles

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15
Q

Centrosome

A

Organelle that regulates cell mobility

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16
Q

Aster

A

radical array of short microtubules

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17
Q

Nonkinetochore

A

don’t attach to the centromere

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18
Q

Miotic phase

A

where single parent makes daughter cells

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19
Q

prophase

A

the first stage of mitosis

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20
Q

Anaphase

A

¨apart¨, sister chromosomes separate and move along the kinetochore

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21
Q

separase

A

protein that helps with chromosome segragation

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22
Q

Depolymerizing

A

cell has a shift in electric charge distributin

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23
Q

Nuclear envolope

A

Organelle that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm in euk. cells

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24
Q

Nucleolus

A

organelle that surrounds the nucleus

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25
Q

Telophase

A

¨opposite of prophase¨ daughter cells are about to separate

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26
Q

Kinetochore

A

attach to centromere

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27
Q

Haploid

A

cell that has a single set of chromosomes

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28
Q

Diploid

A

cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes

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29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

splitting the cell

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30
Q

Karyokinesis

A

splitting the nucleus

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31
Q

Golgi Complex

A

stack of small flat sacs (can look it up to see),prepares molecules to go in or out the cell

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32
Q

Cell plate

A

a structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides (imagine a line separating a cell)

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33
Q

Cdk

A

regulatory control of cell cycle -

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34
Q

Cell Wall

A

covers the outermost of the cell

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35
Q

density-independent inhibition

A

occurs when cells grow to a limited density then growth becomes inhibited

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36
Q

Cylin

A

cycles /regulatory control of cell cycle

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37
Q

Differentation

A

selective gene expression

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38
Q

G0

A

phase where nothing happens

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39
Q

Cancer

A

runaway cellular division

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40
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal genes which affect normal cell growth and proliferation,

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41
Q

sexual reproduction

A

genetic variability

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42
Q

meiosis

A

chromosome # is reduced by 1/2

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43
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of male and female sex cells(gametes)

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44
Q

2n

A

Diploid

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45
Q

n

A

Haploid

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46
Q

Gamete

A

Any haploid cell capable of fusing w/ another haploid cell to form a new idv.

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47
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Structurally identical chromosomes

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48
Q

genetic variability

A

Each cell contains new combinations of chromosomes

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49
Q

Meiosis 1

A

type of cell division, G1 S G2 phases occurs here

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50
Q

Prophase 1

A

the first meiotic division

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51
Q

tetrads

A

consist of two homologous chromosomes, with a total of four sister chromatids

52
Q

chromatids

A

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome

53
Q

synapsis

A

When homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads

54
Q

crossing over

A

Swapping the segment

55
Q

chiasmata

A

Site where homologous chromosomes are attached

56
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Tetrads line up along equator

57
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Only the tetrads split up, sister chromatids at each pole stay in place

58
Q

dyads

A

a group of two

59
Q

Telophase 1

A

the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei.

60
Q

Interkinesis 2

A

a period of rest that certain species’ cells experience between meiosis I and meiosis II

61
Q

Prophase 2

A

Same as mitosis

62
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Dyads line up

63
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Dyads (sister chromatids) separate

64
Q

Telophase 2

A

nuclear membrane forms

65
Q

Independent Assortment

A

How the chromosomes align during metaphase 1 is completely random

66
Q

Old Theory

A

explained variations

67
Q

New Theory

A

explains problems w/ blending hypothesis

68
Q

Alleles

A

alternate molecule forms of a gene

69
Q

Recessive alleles

A

One that is masked

70
Q

Dominant alleles

A

One that is exposed

71
Q

Homozygous

A

RR (same letter)

72
Q

Heterozygous

A

Rr (2 diff.)

73
Q

Progeny

A

offspring

74
Q

Complete Dominance

A

wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele

75
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance, purple, red

76
Q

Genotype

A

Genetive makeup, RR Rr

77
Q

Blending hypothesis

A

the theory that offspring have a blend, or mix, of the characteristics of their parents

78
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

Pairs of genes separate during gamete formation fertilization pairs them once again

79
Q

Monohybrid

A

1 trait

80
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

cross between two organisms with different variations

81
Q

F1 gen

A

1 round of punnet square

82
Q

F2 gen

A

2 rounds of punnet square

83
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

no dominant allele

84
Q

Codominance

A

Has a dominant & recessive, more than 1 dominant, blood types

85
Q

Epistasis

A

2 or more genes interact in such a way as to alter the expression of another gene

86
Q

Pleiotropy

A

1 gene alters the expression of 2 or more traits (pigmentation)

87
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Inheritance of multiple genes that affect the same trait

88
Q

Mendels Theory of Independent Assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

89
Q

Linkage group

A

all the genes on 1 chromosomes

90
Q

Autosomes

A

chromosomes that are same in male and female (41 or 22 pairs)

91
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

chromosomes that are diff. in genders

92
Q

Albinism

A

Autosomal recessive disorders

93
Q

Cystic Fibrous

A

Autosomal recessive disorders

94
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Autosomal recessive disorders

95
Q

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A

2 recessive genes that need to combine with another to be exposed

96
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A

pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders

97
Q

Alzheimers

A

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

98
Q

Achondroplasia

A

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

99
Q

Polydactyly

A

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

100
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits carried on the sex chromosomes

101
Q

XX

A

Female

102
Q

XY

A

Male

103
Q

Mutations

A

Change in DNA Sequence

104
Q

Breaks

A

damage occurring in the chromosome

105
Q

Deletion

A

fragment breaks out/falls off

106
Q

Cri du cat (cry of the cat)

A

a child is mentally retarted & cries like a cat, ex) of deletion

107
Q

Duplication

A

Lost segment gets duplicated

108
Q

Inverse

A

Lost segment attaches itself but becomes inverse

109
Q

Translocation

A

lost segment attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome

110
Q

CML (Chronic Myelogenous leukemia)

A

chr. # 22 switches w/ chr. #9 (reciprocal)

111
Q

Somatic Chromosomes

A

any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome

112
Q

Aneuploidy

A

chromosomal aberrations–chromosomes present in a xtra copies in #

113
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Pair of chromosomes doesn’t separate during meiosis

114
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Patau´s syndrome–death a few days after birth

115
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward´s syndrome–death usually in a few months–affects almost every organ

116
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

117
Q

YO

A

dies as a fetus

118
Q

XO

A

turns into turners syndrome

119
Q

Turner´s Syndrome

A

looks female but not

120
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter´s Syndrome

121
Q

Klinefelter´s Syndrome

A

can appear normal but is sterile

122
Q

XXX

A

Metafemale

123
Q

Metafemale

A

looks female, no physical symptoms

124
Q

XYY

A

no defined syndrome

125
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a way to detect abnormalities
-found later in pregnancy
-takes longer

126
Q

CVS (Chronic Villius sampling)

A

a way to detect abnormalities
-found earlier in pregnancy
-takes sooner

127
Q

Barr body

A

has a wide degree of physical symptoms

BIOLOGY (11 decks)

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