Unit 3 key words Flashcards
1
Q
Histones
A
protein that contains a genome
2
Q
Nucleosomes
A
8 histones + 146 bp / coiled histones
3
Q
genome
A
A haploid set of chromosomes in a microorganism
4
Q
Cell division
A
Where 1 cell splits into two identical daughter cells
5
Q
Daughter cells
A
Cells that come from 1 single parent cell
6
Q
Chromosomes arm
A
The second half and a bigger part of a whole chromosome
7
Q
G1
A
-cell increases
-increase in # of ribosomes
8
Q
G2
A
Organelles will replicate
Final stage
9
Q
S
A
DNA replication
10
Q
Interphase
A
Where chromosomes duplicate and cell parts are made
11
Q
Miotic phase / M phase
A
Where cell division occurs
12
Q
Biochemical activity
A
The way the body converts food into energy
13
Q
Sister chromatids
A
2 identical chromatids formed by the replication of chromosomes
14
Q
Cohesions
A
sticking of particles
15
Q
Centrosome
A
Organelle that regulates cell mobility
16
Q
Aster
A
radical array of short microtubules
17
Q
Nonkinetochore
A
don’t attach to the centromere
18
Q
Miotic phase
A
where single parent makes daughter cells
19
Q
prophase
A
the first stage of mitosis
20
Q
Anaphase
A
¨apart¨, sister chromosomes separate and move along the kinetochore
21
Q
separase
A
protein that helps with chromosome segragation
22
Q
Depolymerizing
A
cell has a shift in electric charge distributin
23
Q
Nuclear envolope
A
Organelle that separates the nucleus and cytoplasm in euk. cells
24
Q
Nucleolus
A
organelle that surrounds the nucleus
25
Telophase
¨opposite of prophase¨ daughter cells are about to separate
26
Kinetochore
attach to centromere
27
Haploid
cell that has a single set of chromosomes
28
Diploid
cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes
29
Cytokinesis
splitting the cell
30
Karyokinesis
splitting the nucleus
31
Golgi Complex
stack of small flat sacs (can look it up to see),prepares molecules to go in or out the cell
32
Cell plate
a structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant cell divides (imagine a line separating a cell)
33
Cdk
regulatory control of cell cycle -
34
Cell Wall
covers the outermost of the cell
35
density-independent inhibition
occurs when cells grow to a limited density then growth becomes inhibited
36
Cylin
cycles /regulatory control of cell cycle
37
Differentation
selective gene expression
38
G0
phase where nothing happens
39
Cancer
runaway cellular division
40
proto-oncogenes
normal genes which affect normal cell growth and proliferation,
41
sexual reproduction
genetic variability
42
meiosis
chromosome # is reduced by 1/2
43
fertilization
fusion of male and female sex cells(gametes)
44
2n
Diploid
45
n
Haploid
46
Gamete
Any haploid cell capable of fusing w/ another haploid cell to form a new idv.
47
Homologous chromosomes
Structurally identical chromosomes
48
genetic variability
Each cell contains new combinations of chromosomes
49
Meiosis 1
type of cell division, G1 S G2 phases occurs here
50
Prophase 1
the first meiotic division
51
tetrads
consist of two homologous chromosomes, with a total of four sister chromatids
52
chromatids
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome
53
synapsis
When homologous chromosomes pair up to form tetrads
54
crossing over
Swapping the segment
55
chiasmata
Site where homologous chromosomes are attached
56
Metaphase 1
Tetrads line up along equator
57
Anaphase 1
Only the tetrads split up, sister chromatids at each pole stay in place
58
dyads
a group of two
59
Telophase 1
the chromosomes are enclosed in nuclei.
60
Interkinesis 2
a period of rest that certain species' cells experience between meiosis I and meiosis II
61
Prophase 2
Same as mitosis
62
Metaphase 2
Dyads line up
63
Anaphase 2
Dyads (sister chromatids) separate
64
Telophase 2
nuclear membrane forms
65
Independent Assortment
How the chromosomes align during metaphase 1 is completely random
66
Old Theory
explained variations
67
New Theory
explains problems w/ blending hypothesis
68
Alleles
alternate molecule forms of a gene
69
Recessive alleles
One that is masked
70
Dominant alleles
One that is exposed
71
Homozygous
RR (same letter)
72
Heterozygous
Rr (2 diff.)
73
Progeny
offspring
74
Complete Dominance
wherein the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele
75
Phenotype
Physical appearance, purple, red
76
Genotype
Genetive makeup, RR Rr
77
Blending hypothesis
the theory that offspring have a blend, or mix, of the characteristics of their parents
78
Principle of Segregation
Pairs of genes separate during gamete formation fertilization pairs them once again
79
Monohybrid
1 trait
80
Monohybrid Cross
cross between two organisms with different variations
81
F1 gen
1 round of punnet square
82
F2 gen
2 rounds of punnet square
83
Incomplete Dominance
no dominant allele
84
Codominance
Has a dominant & recessive, more than 1 dominant, blood types
85
Epistasis
2 or more genes interact in such a way as to alter the expression of another gene
86
Pleiotropy
1 gene alters the expression of 2 or more traits (pigmentation)
87
Polygenic Inheritance
Inheritance of multiple genes that affect the same trait
88
Mendels Theory of Independent Assortment
the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
89
Linkage group
all the genes on 1 chromosomes
90
Autosomes
chromosomes that are same in male and female (41 or 22 pairs)
91
Sex chromosomes
chromosomes that are diff. in genders
92
Albinism
Autosomal recessive disorders
93
Cystic Fibrous
Autosomal recessive disorders
94
Sickle Cell Disease
Autosomal recessive disorders
95
Autosomal Recessive Disorders
2 recessive genes that need to combine with another to be exposed
96
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders
97
Alzheimers
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
98
Achondroplasia
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
99
Polydactyly
Autosomal Dominant Disorders
100
Sex-linked traits
Traits carried on the sex chromosomes
101
XX
Female
102
XY
Male
103
Mutations
Change in DNA Sequence
104
Breaks
damage occurring in the chromosome
105
Deletion
fragment breaks out/falls off
106
Cri du cat (cry of the cat)
a child is mentally retarted & cries like a cat, ex) of deletion
107
Duplication
Lost segment gets duplicated
108
Inverse
Lost segment attaches itself but becomes inverse
109
Translocation
lost segment attaches itself to a nonhomologous chromosome
110
CML (Chronic Myelogenous leukemia)
chr. # 22 switches w/ chr. #9 (reciprocal)
111
Somatic Chromosomes
any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome
112
Aneuploidy
chromosomal aberrations--chromosomes present in a xtra copies in #
113
Nondisjunction
Pair of chromosomes doesn't separate during meiosis
114
Trisomy 13
Patau´s syndrome--death a few days after birth
115
Trisomy 18
Edward´s syndrome--death usually in a few months--affects almost every organ
116
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
117
YO
dies as a fetus
118
XO
turns into turners syndrome
119
Turner´s Syndrome
looks female but not
120
XXY
Klinefelter´s Syndrome
121
Klinefelter´s Syndrome
can appear normal but is sterile
122
XXX
Metafemale
123
Metafemale
looks female, no physical symptoms
124
XYY
no defined syndrome
125
Amniocentesis
a way to detect abnormalities
-found later in pregnancy
-takes longer
126
CVS (Chronic Villius sampling)
a way to detect abnormalities
-found earlier in pregnancy
-takes sooner
127
Barr body
has a wide degree of physical symptoms
