UNIT 3 - Special Senses

Question 1

• Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the environment

Answer 1

sensation

Question 2

functional types of receptors

Answer 2

1. photoreceptors
2. mechanoreceptors
3. chemical
4. nociceptors
5. thermoreceptors

Question 3

sensory modalities

Answer 3

1. general
2. special

Question 4

PHOTORECEPTORS

Answer 4

SPECIAL SENSE
- rods photoreceptors
- cones photoreceptors

Question 5

MECHANORECEPTORS

Answer 5

GENERAL SENSE
- proprioceptors
- pressoreceptors
- stretch receptors

Question 6

• detect light intensity
• location: eye (rods & cones: retina)

SPECIAL SENSE
1. _________: detect tones of visual images
2. _________: detects colors of visual images

Answer 6

PHOTORECEPTORS

1. rods photoreceptors
2. cones photoreceptors

Question 7

• detect mechanical forces

GENERAL SENSE
1. _________: detect muscle tension
2. _________: detect blood pressure
3. _________: detect lung inflation, stomach distention, urinary bladder expansion

• location: inner ear
• detect the senses of hearing (______) and equilibrium (_______)

Answer 7

MECHANORECEPTORS
1. proprioceptors
2. pressoreceptors
3. stretch receptors

• cochlea
• semicircular canals

Question 8

• detect chemical concentrations
• can detect ionic, glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration in the blood and body fluids
• sense of taste and smell

Answer 8

CHEMORECEPTORS

Question 9

• detect pain or tissue damage
• location: skin and visceral organs

Answer 9

NOCICEPTORS

Question 10

• detect temperature changes
• location: skin and visceral organs

Answer 10

THERMORECEPTORS

Question 11

GENERAL SENSATION: _______ AND _______

Answer 11

GENERAL SENSATION: SOMATIC AND VISCERAL
- touch
- pain
- temperature
- proprioception
- pressure

Question 12

SPECIAL SENSATION

Answer 12

• vision
• hearing
• taste
• smell
• equilibrium

Question 13

PROCESS OF SENSATION

Answer 13

1. stimulation of the sensory receptor
2. transduction of the stimulus
3. generation of nerve impulses
4. integration of sensory input

Question 14

GENERATOR POTENTIAL
RECEPTOR POTENTIAL

Answer 14

• olfactory receptors
• visual, auditory, gustatory and equilibrium receptors

Question 15

dendrites of specialized neurons

Answer 15

olfactory receptors

Question 16

specialized cells in inexcitable membranes

Answer 16

visual, auditory, gustatory, and equilibrium receptors

Question 17

• conduct impulses from somatic receptors into the brain stem or spinal cord
• from the face, mouth, teeth and eyes, somatic sensory impulses propagate along _________ into the brain stem
• from the neck, trunk, limbs, and posterior aspect of the head, somatic sensory impulses propagate along _________ into the spinal cord

Answer 17

FIRST-ORDER NEURONS
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves

Question 18

• conduct impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus
• axons of this order neurons ________ (cross over to the opposite side) in the brain stem or spinal cord before ascending to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus
• thus, all somatic sensory information from one side of the body reaches the thalamus on the opposite side

Answer 18

SECOND-ORDER NEURONS
- dessucate

Question 19

• conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

Answer 19

THIRD-ORDER NEURONS

Question 20

SPECIAL SENSES

Answer 20

1. olfactory
2. gustation
3. vision
4. audition
5. equilibrium

Question 21

________: bipolar neurons that are specialized chemoreceptors in the nasal cavity

________: chemicals that have an odor that binds to and stimulate olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia

Answer 21

OLFACTORY

• olfactory receptor cells
• odorant

Question 22

1. _________: an oval body located in the papillae and is composed of 3 kinds of epithelial cells

a. _________: contain microvilli and surround about 50 gustatory receptor cell

b. _________: projects from each gustatory receptor cell to the external surface through the taste pore. the plasma membrane of this is the site of taste transduction

c. _________: stem cells that divide and mature to produce transitional cells that mature into supporting cells

2. _________: chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptor cells

Answer 22

1. taste bud
   a. supporting cells
   b. gustatory microvilli
   c. basal cells
2. tastants

Question 23

• Probably because of taste projections to the hypothalamus and limbic system, there is a strong link between taste and pleasant or unpleasant emotions.
• Sweet foods evoke reactions of pleasure while bitter ones cause expressions of disgust, even in newborn babies.
• This phenomenon is the basis for _____________, in which people and animals quickly learn to avoid a food if it upsets the digestive system.

Answer 23

• taste aversion

Question 24

EVENTS INVOLVED IN HEARING
1. sound waves arrive at the __________

2. movement of the tympanic membrane displaces the ___________
3. movement of the stapes at the oval window produces pressure waves in the ______ of the __________.

Answer 24

4. the pressure waves distort the __________ on their way to the round window of the ___________.
5. vibration of the ____________ causes hair cells to vibrate against the _____________
6. information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear nerve of _______________-

Question 25

types of equilibrium

Answer 25

1. static equilibrium 2. dynamic equilibrium 3. vestibular apparatus

Question 26

EQUILIBRIUM 1. hair cells of the _______ and __________ monitor body position and motion. 2. information carried on the _________ of the ____________ 3. vestibular nuclei in the _________ relay information. 4. _________ direct automatic eye movements. these movements attempt to keep your gaze focused on a specific point in space, despite changes in body position and orientation. - __________ distributed to the motor nuclei for the cranial nerves involved with eye, head, and neck movements (III, IV, VI, XI) - the ___________ relay information about position and balance to the cerebellum - ____________ carry instructions to peripheral muscles and complement the reflexive movements of the head or neck

Answer 26

1. vestibule; semicircular ducts 2. vestibular nerve; vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) 3. medulla oblongata 4. superior colliculi - reflexive motor commands - vestibular nuclei - vestibulospinal tracts