(MID) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Answer 1

1. makes up body framework - gives body shape
2. supports the body
3. protects vital internal organs
4. provides for movement
5. stores mineral reserves
6. produces red blood cells

Question 2

• a living tissue
• a solid network of cells and protein fibers surrounded by deposits of minerals

Answer 2

bone

Question 3

Components:
▪ _________ (______ and _____)
▪ _________ (______ and _____)
▪ _____

Answer 3

• 32% organic materials (collagen and bone cells)
• 43% minerals (calcium and phosphorous)
• 25% Water

Question 4

4 main types of bone cells in bone tissue

Answer 4

1. osteogenic cells
2. osteoblasts (bone-forming cells)
3. osteocytes
4. osteoclasts

Question 5

respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to ________ and ________

Answer 5

OSTEOGENIC CELLS

• osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 6

synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone

Answer 6

OSTEOBLASTS (bone-forming cells)

Question 7

mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves

Answer 7

OSTEOCYTES

Question 8

• large cells
• break down bone tissue
• very important to bone growth, healing, and remodeling.

Answer 8

osteoclasts

Question 9

4 main types of skeletal tissue

Answer 9

1. compact bone
2. spongy bone
3. cartilage
4. fibroblasts

Question 10

________ covers bone, is a place for tendon and ligament attachment, and brings blood, lymph vessels and nerves into the bone.

Answer 10

• Periosteum

Question 11

__________ is a dense layer of bone tissue composed of cylinders or tubes of mineral crystals and protein fibers, that give bone its strength.

Answer 11

Compact bone

Question 12

__________ is the inside layer of compact bone that is actually quite strong but lacy in appearance and contains red marrow which produces blood cells

Answer 12

Spongy bone

Question 13

__________ are responsible for bone growth and changes in the shape of bone and can either deposit or absorb calcium salts

Answer 13

Osteocytes

Question 14

__________ are interconnected networks of tubes that blood vessels and nerves run through.

Answer 14

Haversian canal

Question 15

___ bones in the skull
___ in middle ears
___ hyoid bone
___ in vertebral column
___ in thoracic cage

Answer 15

• 22
• 6
• 1
• 26
• 25

Question 16

___ in pectoral girdle
___ in upper limbs
___ in lower limbs
___ in pelvic girdle

___ in all

Answer 16

• 4
• 60
• 60
• 2

206 bones in all

Question 17

THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSIST OF THE…

Answer 17

skull
vertebral column
rib cage (ribs + sternum)

Question 18

the skull consists of _______ and _______

the ears consists of _______

floating in the throat is _______

Answer 18

• 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
• 6 bones
• 1 hyoid bone

Question 19

An immovable joint in most cases in an adult skull that holds most skull bones together

Answer 19

sutures

Question 20

▪ A cut that opens the cranium.

▪ Bone flap is removed to access the brain underneath

Answer 20

craniotomy

Question 21

▪ Also called the _______ Cage

___ pairs of RIBS
▪ ___ true ribs
▪ ___ false ribs
▪ ___ floating ribs
▪ ___ STERNUM (breastbone)

Answer 21

RIB CAGE
- Thoracic cage

12 pairs of RIBS
▪ 7 true ribs
▪ 5 false ribs
▪ 2 floating ribs
▪ 1 STERNUM
(breastbone)

Question 22

vertebral column parts

▪ ___ CERVICAL (NECK) VERTEBRAE,
▪ ___ THORACIC
▪ ___ LUMBAR,
▪ ___ FUSED VERTEBRAE INTO 1 SACRUM,
▪ ___ SMALL FUSED VERTEBRAE INTO 1 COCCYX (YOUR TAIL BONE)

Answer 22

• 7
• 12
• 5
• 5
• 4

Question 23

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON consists of bones of the

Answer 23

arms (upper limbs)
legs (lower limbs)
shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle)
hip girdle (pelvic girdle)

Question 24

▪ The Shoulder girdle is also called the ________

▪ Consists of ___ bones

▪ Upper limbs consist of ___ bones (the hands and wrist contain ___ separate bones).

Answer 24

• pectoral girdle
• 4
• 60 (54)

Question 25

▪ The hip girdle is also called the __________ ▪ Consists of ___ bones ▪ Lower limbs consist of ___ bones (the ankles and feet contain ___ separate bones)

Answer 25

- pelvic girdle - 2 - 60 (52)

Question 26

male pelvis

Answer 26

▪ Heavy and thick ▪ Deep ▪ Smaller and heart ▪ Large and faces laterally ▪ Round

Question 27

female pelvis

Answer 27

▪ light and thin ▪ shallow ▪ Larger and more oval ▪ Small and faces anteriorly ▪ Oval ▪ Greater than 90* angle

Question 28

bone classification by type

Answer 28

1. long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular 5. sesamoid

Question 29

- longer than they are wide and work as levers - bones of the upper and lower extremities (humerus, tibia, femur, ulna, metacarpals)

Answer 29

long bones

Question 30

short, cube-shaped, and found in the wrists and ankles.

Answer 30

short bones

Question 31

have surfaces for protection and broad attachment of muscles of organs (ex. cranial bones, ribs, and bones of hip and shoulder girdles).

Answer 31

flat bones

Question 32

all others that do not fall into the previous categories. They have sizes, and surface features varied shapes, and include the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the skull.

Answer 32

irregular bones

Question 33

________: Process of producing bone from cartilage ▪ ________ is replaced by _________ which secrete ________deposits and then mature into __________ (bone cells). ▪ ___________ break down bone and remove _________bone tissue when a bone is broken.

Answer 33

ossification - Cartilage, osteoblasts, mineral, osteocytes - osteoclasts, damaged

Question 34

▪ Bone growth begins long before birth. ▪ The basic shape of a long bone, such as an arm bone, is first formed as _________

Answer 34

cartilage 10 weeks fetus

Question 35

Ossification begins to take place up to ________ months before birth

Answer 35

seven

Question 36

▪ Babies are born with ________, many are composed almost entirely of cartilage. ▪ Latter the cartilage cells will be replaced by cells that form the bones. (__________) ▪ The SOFT SPOT of a babie’s skull will fuse around age 2, but growth of the skull continues until adulthood. ▪ Long bones develop and grow through out childhood at the ________ (______)

Answer 36

- 350 bones - ossification - centers of ossification (growth plates)

Question 37

Growth in Length ▪ The _______ plate (_____) is an area of _______ in the _____of long bones where bone _________ occurs.

Answer 37

- growth (epiphyseal disc) - cartilage - ends - lengthening

Question 38

Structure of Bone ▪ _________ covers the ends of bones where they articulate (join) with other bones. ▪ As adulthood is reached, the ________ (____) is replaced by ______ and ______, thus completing growth.

Answer 38

- Hyalin cartilage - epiphyseal plate (growth plate) - bone and fuses

Question 39

Stages of Ossification ▪ Between the ages of ___& ___ years, all of the cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is replaced by _____. ▪ This is called ________, and the bone lengthening process stops.

Answer 39

- 16 and 25 - bone - closure of the epiphyseal disc

Question 40

Bone Formation

Answer 40

1. ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel. 2. periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel. 3. osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon 4. bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new outer circumferential lamellae. osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels