(MID) THE SKELETAL SYSTEM pt2 Flashcards
Major Steps in Bone Development
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
- Sheets of ________ (_____) appear at the sites of future bones.
- Mesenchymal cells differentiate into _______, which deposit bone matrix.
- Dense networks of blood vessels supply the developing ________.
- Osteoblasts become ________ when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
- Mesenchyme on the surface of each developing structure condenses to form ________.
- Osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum deposit ______ over the spongy bone.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
- embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme)
- osteoblasts
- spongy bone
- osteocytes
- periosteum
- compact bone
- Masses of ________ form models of future bones.
- _______ breaks down. _______ develops.
- ________ and _______ from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue.
- Osteoblasts form ________ in the space occupied by cartilage.
- ________ beneath the periosteum deposit ______.
- Osteoblasts become ________ when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
ENDOCHRONDAL OSSIFICATION
- hyaline cartilage
- Cartilage tissue; Periosteum
- Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts
- spongy bone
- Osteoblasts; compact bone
- osteocytes
factors affecting bone growth
- homeostasis
- skeletal disorders
- parathyroid gland release PTH
- osteoclasts release Ca2+ from bones
- calcium is reabsorbed from the urine by the kidneys
- calcium absorption in the small intestine increases via vitamin D synthesis
- Ca2+ levels in blood increases
decreased calcium level
- thyroid gland releases calcitonin
- osteoclast activity is inhibited
- Ca2+ reabsorption in the kidneys decreases
- Ca2+ level in blood decreases
increased Ca2+ level
▪ A broken bone is known as a ______.
This can simply be a crack or buckle in the structure of the bone, or a complete break, producing two or more fragments.
TYPES OF FRACTURE
- fracture
- comminuted
- compression
- depressed
- impacted
- spiral
- greenstick
Bone breaks into many fragments.
- Particularly common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle.
comminuted
Bone is crushed (i.e., osteoporotic bones).
- Common in porous bones
compression
Broken bone portion is pressed inward.
- Typical of skull fracture.
depressed
Broken bone ends are forced into each other.
- Commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
impacted
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
- Common sports fracture.
spiral
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults.
- Common in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of
greenstick
The repair of bone fractures is similar to __________
- Blood escapes from ruptured blood vessels and forms a ________.
- ________ forms in regions close to developing blood vessels, and ________ forms in more distant regions.
- A bony callus replaces _________.
- ________ remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure much like the original.
embryonic bone formation
- hematoma
- Spongy bone; fibrocartilage
- fibrocartilage
- Osteoclasts
▪ literally means “porous bones“
▪ Occurs when a body’s blood calcium level is low and calcium from bones is dissolved into the blood to maintain a proper balance.
▪ Over time, bone mass and bone strength decrease. As a result, bones become dotted with pits and pores, weak and fragile, and break easily.
▪ Other factors besides age can lead to osteoporosis, such as a diet low in ______ and ______, a lack of ______, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, and insufficient weight bearing exercises to stress the bones
OSTEOPOROSIS
- calcium and protein
- vitamin D
▪ occurs when the gel like center of a disc ruptures through a weak area in the tough outer wall
▪ ack or leg pain, numbness or tingling may result when the disc material touches or compresses a spinal nerve
▪ Discs can bulge or herniate because of injury and improper lifting or can occur spontaneously, aging, genetics, smoking, and a number of occupational and recreational activities (early degeneration)
HERNIATED DISK
▪ Condition involving complex lateral and rotational curvature and deformity of the spine.
Typically classified as:
▪ ________ (unknown cause)
▪ ________ (caused by vertebral abnormality present at birth) possibly inherited
▪ Secondary symptom of another condition, such as ________ or ________
SCOLIOSIS
- Idiopathic
- Congenital
- cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
▪ can be thought of as an arching of the spine in which the top of the arch is seen in the back
▪ This condition is sometimes referred to as “______” or “______”
▪ Caused by inflammation of vertebrae, poor posture, or congenital abnormality
KYPHOSIS
- humpback or hunchback
▪ the increase of the spinal posterior concavity.
▪ In most cases the cause is unknown and the disorder appears from the onset of skeletal growth.
▪ This condition is also referred to as “_______”
LORDOSIS
- swayback
▪ _______ inflammation of the joints. consists of more than 100 different conditions
▪ The common denominator for all these conditions is _______
▪ _______ nicknamed “wear and tear” arthritis
▪ _________ is one of the most crippling forms of arthritis. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the lining of joints.
ARTHRITIS
- joint paint
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
▪ Inflammation of the _____ (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).
▪ can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.
▪ _______ is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.
BURSITIS
- Bursa
- bursitis
▪ Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating.
If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and movement will become painful. This is called ______ and literally means inflammation of the tendon.
▪ The most common cause of this is overuse
TENDONITIS
- tendonitis
Malformation of the head marked by an oblique slant to the main axis of the skull
plagiocephaly
- Common connector
- most common type of cartilage
- covers the articular bone surfaces (where one or more bones meet at a joint).
- also connects the ribs to the sternum and appears in the trachea, bronchi, and nasal septum.
hyaline cartilage
