HO CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
1
Q
parts of the skin
A
- epidermis
- cells
- tissue
- layers - dermis
- cells
- tissue
- layers - subcutaneous layer
- cells
- tissue
2
Q
- ________: superficial, thinner
- ________: thicker, stretch, and recoil
- ________: not a part of the skin
A
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer
3
Q
epidermis
A
cells
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- langerhans cells
- merkel cells
tissue
- epithelial tissue
layers
- stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (absent in thin skin), stratum corneum
4
Q
dermis
A
cells
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- some adipocytes (with collagen and elastic fibers)
tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
layers
- papillary region
- reticular region
5
Q
subcutaneous layer
A
aka hypodermis
cell
- adipocytes
tissue
- adipose tissue
6
Q
accessory structures
A
- hair
- skin glands
- nails
7
Q
hair growth
A
a. growth stage (anagen stage)
b. regression stage (catagen stage)
c. resting stage (telogen)
8
Q
a. _______: cells of hair matrix divide, pushed upward and die
b. _______: cells of hair matrix stop dividing, atrophy of hair follicle, hair stops growing
c. _______: a new growth cycle begins
- _________: dissolves CHON in hair shaft (ex. Veet® Hair Removal Cream)
A
a. growth stage
b. regression stage
c. resting stage
- Depilatory agent
9
Q
types of hair
A
- lanugo hair
- vellus hair
- terminal hair
10
Q
a. ________: fine, non-pigmented hair covering a fetus
b. ________: short, fine, pale hair covering most of the body
c. ________: long, coarse, heavily pigmented hair in eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp
A
a. lanugo hair
b. vellus hair
c. terminal hair
11
Q
skin glands
A
a. sebaceous gland (oil gland)
b. sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
c. cerumenous gland (ear wax)
12
Q
- branched acinar glands mostly connected to hair follicles
- absent in palms and soles
- excretory duct opens in hair follicle
A
sebaceous gland (oil gland)
13
Q
- coiled tubular glands
- divided into eccrine and apocrine glands
A
sudoriferous gland (sweat gland)
14
Q
- opens into epidermis
- throughout the skin (EXCEPT:lip margin, nail bed, penis, clitoris, labia minora and eardrums)
- perspiration
- soon after birth
- emotional stress
- thermoregulation
A
eccrine
14
Q
- opens into hair follicle
- Axilla, groin, areola, beard region, clitoris, labia minora
- perspiration + lipids and CHON
- puberty
- emotional stress and sexual excitement
- X thermoregulation
A
apocrine
15
Q
- excretes cerumen
- aka earwax
- excretory duct opens in ear canal or ducts of sebaceous glands
A
cerumenous gland
16
Q
nails
A
- lunula
- hangnail
16
Q
– white part of nail
- vascular tissue underneath this is not visible due to thickened epithelium
A
lunula
17
Q
- small torn piece of skin at the sides of a nail usually caused by dryness of epithelium
A
hangnail
18
Q
Physiology of the Integumentary System
A
- thermoregulation
- blood reservoir
- protection
- cutaneous sensation
- excretion and absorption
- synthesis of vitamin D
- storage
19
Q
- maintains homeostasis by mechanism of heat production or heat loss
HEAT PRODUCTION (6)
HEAT LOSS (4)
A
- thermoregulation
HEAT PRODUCTION
- basal rate of metabolism
- muscle activity
- hormone effect
- sympathetic stimulation
- cellular temperature
- effect of food
HEAT LOSS
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
- evaporation
20
Q
- dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8-10% of total blood flow
A
- blood reservoir
21
Q
- protection
A
- keratin
- lamellar granules
- langerhans cells
- macrophages
- melanin
- sebum
- acidic pH
22
Q
mechanical protection from microbes, abrasion, heat and chemicals
A
keratin
PROTECTION
23
Lipids retard entry and exit of water across skin surface
lamellar granules
PROTECTION
24
recognize and process harmful microbial invaders
langerhans cell
PROTECTION
25
_______: phagocytosis
_______: shield against UV rays
- macrophages
- melanin
PROTECTION
26
_______: bactericidal, prevents skin and hair from drying out
_______: retards growth of microbes
- sebum
- acidic pH
PROTECTION
27
4. cutaneous sensation
TACTILE
--- touch
--- pressure
--- vibration
--- itch
--- tickle
THERMAL
--- warmth
--- coldness
PAIN
--- nociceptors
28
touch
- meissner corpuscles
- hair root plexus
- merkel disc
- ruffini corpuscles
29
pressure
- meissner corpuscles
- merkel disc
- pacinian corpuscle
30
vibration
- meissner corpuscle
- pacinian corpuscle
31
itch & tickle
- free nerve endings
32
warmth
coldness
- warm receptors (32-48*C)
- cold receptors (10-40*C)
33
5. excretion and absorption
EXCRETED
- water
- heat
- salts
- CO2
- ammonia
- urea
ABSORBED
- fat soluble vitamins
- O2
- CO2
- acetone
- CCl4
- salts of Pb, Hg, As, poison ivy, poison oak, transdermal drugs
34
6. synthesis of vitamin D
PRECURSOR MOLECULE
---> uv rays --->
ACTIVATED PRECURSOR MOLECULE
---> liver and kidney enzymes --->
CALCITRIOL
35
- this is not a direct function of the skin but is related to the hypodermis, which contains the adipocytes
- adipocytes store fat in the form of triglycerides, triglycerides are broken down to glycogen and free fatty acids through lipolysis
- glycogen is broken down through glycogenolysis to produce glucose used in energy production
7. storage
36
Skin Color as Diagnostic Clue
- cyanosis
- jaundice
- erythema
- pallor
37
1. ________: Bluish color of skin usually due to inadequate oxygen in blood
2. ________: Yellowish skin due to the build-up of bilirubin which indicates liver disease
3. ________: Redness of skin due to the engorgement of capillaries in dermis
4. ________: Paleness of skin due to blood conditions such as anemia or shock
1. cyanosis
2. jaundice
3. erythema
4. pallor
38
wound healing
- epidermal wound healing
- deep wound healing
39
epidermal wound healing steps
a. Basal cells enlarge and migrate across the wound.
b. When cells from opposite sides meet, they stop migrating due to contact inhibition.
c. As the basal cells migrate, epidermal growth factor stimulates cell division.
d. Basal cells divide and mature to build the next layers of the epidermis.
40
deep wound healing steps
a. inflammatory phase
b. migratory phase
c. proliferative phase
d. maturation phase
41
- blood clot forms
- mesenchymal cells form fibroblasts
- vascular response: vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
- cellular response: phagocytosis, activation of inflammatory cells
a. inflammatory phase
DEEP WOUND HEALING
42
- clot becomes a scab
- fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and synthesize collagen fibers and glycoprotein
- damaged blood vessel begin to regrow
- granulation tissue fills the wound
b. migratory phase
DEEP WOUND HEALING
43
- extensive growth of epithelial cells
- deposition of fibroblasts and collagen fibers into random patters
- continued growth of blood vessels
c. proliferative phase
DEEP WOUND HEALING
44
- epidermis restored to normal thickness
- damaged blood vessels restored
- collagen fibers become slightly organized
- fibroblasts decrease in number
- scab sloughs off
d. maturation phase
DEEP WOUND HEALING
45
Pathophysiology of Diseases and Conditions Affecting the Integumentary System
1. alopecia
2. hirsutism
3. stretch marks
4. albinism
5. vitiligo
6. freckles
7. acne
8. impacted cerumen
9. keloid
10. rosacea
11. skin cancer
12. burns
13. pressure ulcer
14. psoriasis
46
– _________: partial or complete lack of hair due to genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy and skin disease
- _________: when male androgens inhibit hair growth in the temples and crown of hair
- _________: first drug approved to enhance hair growth, does not help people who are already bald
1. alopecia
- androgenic alopecia aka male pattern baldness
- minoxidil (Rogaine)
47
- a condition observed in females and prepubertal males characterized by excessive body hair in areas that are usually not hairy
2. hirsutism
48
- aka striae
- forms when skin is over stretched disrupting the arrangement of collagen fibers and rupturing small blood vessels
3. stretch marks
49
- inherited inability to produce melanin due to melanocytes unable to synthesize tyrosinase
4. albinism
50
- partial or complete loss of melanocytes due to antibodies attacking these cells
5. vitiligo
51
- accumulated patches of melanin, more visible in summertime
6. freckles
52
- inflammation of sebaceous glands which usually begins in puberty
- _________: leaves an irreversible scar on skin
*treatment: mild soaps, topical antibiotics (______, ______), oral antibiotics (______), Isotretinoin,
Benzoyl peroxide
7. acne
- cystic acne
*topical antibiotics (Clindamycin, Erythromycin)
*oral antibiotics (Minocycline)
52
- when cerumen accumulates in ear canal blocking soundwaves from entering the eardrum
*treatment: _________
8. impacted cerumen
*ear irrigation
53
- a scar that extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound
9. keloid
54
- skin condition that usually affects adults 30-60 y.o. characterized by redness, tiny pimples, and noticeable blood vessels in the central area of face
Anti-aging Treatments and Procedures:
10. rosacea
a. topical products
- hydroquinone
- retinoic acid
b. microdermabrasion
c. chemical peel
d. laser resurfacing
e. dermal fillers
f. fat transplantation
g. botox
h. non-surgical facelift
i. surgical facelift
55
a.
- _______: bleaches skin to tone down blemishes
- _______: decreases wrinkles and roughness of skin
a. topical products
- hydroquinone
- retinoic acid
56
_______: use if tiny crystals to remove and vacuum dead skin cells
_______: application of mild acid to remove surface cells
- microdermabrasion
- chemical peel
57
_______: use of laser to clear up blood vessels near skin and decrease wrinkles
_______: injection of human collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite or poly-L-lactic acid to make skin plump
- laser resurfacing
- dermal fillers
58
_______: fat from body injected to another location so smooth skin out
_______: aka botulinum toxin
- paralyze skeletal muscles which causes wrinkling
- fat transplantation
- botox
59
_______: uses radio frequency to tighten the deeper layers of skin
_______: invasive surgery to remove loose skin and fat
- non-surgical facelift
- surgical facelift
60
- due to abnormalities in epidermal cells of melanocytes
- non-melanoma skin cancers : _______________ (most common), _______________
- risk factors include: skin type, sun exposure, family history, age and immunological status
- basal cell carcinoma (most common)
- squamous cell carcinoma
11. skin cancer
61
*preventive treatment:
_________: topical preparations that contain benzophane or its derivatives that deflect UVB rays but not UVA rays
_________: topical preparations that contain zinc oxide that deflect both UVA and UVB rays
- Sunscreens
- Sunblocks
62
– tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in skin
- categorized as 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree
- the ___________ describe the severity of a burn
12. burns
- rule of nines
63
* treatment for minor burns:
- _________ (_____)
* treatment for major burns: __________, ________
- topical antimicrobial ointments (Silver sulfadiazine)
- surgery, skin grafting
64
– aka decubitus ulcers
- caused by constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues overlying a bony projection
- common in bedridden and diabetic patients
*preventive treatment:
- ___________
- ___________
13. pressure ulcers
*preventive treatment:
- hydrocolloid patches
- antibiotics
65
– chronic disorder where keratinocytes divide and move more quickly thereby forming flaky, silvery scales on the surface of knees, elbows and scalp
* treatment:
- _______________
14. psoriasis
- topical corticosteroid ointments
