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PHARMA 121 > UNIT 1 - Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of structure of organisms and their parts
  • focuses on the physical arrangement and relationship between different body parts
A

ANATOMY

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2
Q

scopes of anatomy

A
  1. MACROSCOPIC (GROSS) ANATOMY
  2. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
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3
Q

branch of anatomy that looks at body parts visible to the naked eye

A

macroscopic anatomy

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4
Q

branch of anatomy that examines cells and tissues at the microscopic level

A

microscopic anatomy

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5
Q

examples: studying the structure of the heart, bones, muscles and organs

A

ANATOMY

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6
Q
  • study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts
  • explains how the body’s systems work and how they respons to challenges
A

PHYSIOLOGY

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6
Q

scope of physiology

A
  1. cellular physiology
  2. organ physiology
  3. systemic physiology
  4. pathophysiology
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7
Q

examples: understanding how the heart pumps blood, how muscles contract, and how the kidneys filter waste

A

physiology

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8
Q
  • study of diseases, their causes, processes, development, and consequences
  • aims to understand how and why diseases occur and how they affect the body
A

PATHOLOGY

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9
Q

scope of pathology

A
  1. General Pathology
  2. Systemic Pathology
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10
Q

the study of disease processes affecting multiple organs

A

general pathology

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11
Q

study of diseases affecting specific organ systems

A

systemic pathology

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12
Q

examples: examining tissue samples to diagnose cancer, understanding the progression of infectious diseases

A

pathology

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13
Q
  • study of the physiological processes associated with disease or injury
  • focuses on the changes in normal physiological functions caused by disease conditions
A

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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14
Q

scope of pathophysiology

A
  1. combined aspects of physiology and pathology to understand the mechanisms of disease at the functional level
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15
Q

examples: investigating how heart disease affects blood flow, how diabetes impacts insulin production and glucose metabolism

A

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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16
Q

refers to the framework or model used to understand and explain the causes, progression and treatment of diseases

A

disease paradigm

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17
Q

types of disease paradigms

A
  1. biomedical paradigm
  2. naturalistic or holistic paradigm
  3. magico-religious paradigm
  4. epidemiological paradigm
  5. theoretical and analytical paradigm
17
Q
  • most widely accepted model in contemporary healthcare
  • focuses on biological factors and views the body as a machine that can be fixed when something goes wrong
  • diseases are seen as having specific causes, such as bacteria, viruses, or genetic mutations
A

biomedical paradigm

18
Q
  • considers the balance of natural forces and the whole person, including physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects
  • ______ and ______ are examples of holistic approaches that emphasize harmony and balance
A
  • traditional chinese medicine (TCM) and ayurveda

NATURALISTIC OR HOLISTIC PARADIGM

19
Q
  • attributes illness to supernatural forces or divine intervention
  • practices such as ______, ______, and the use of ______, or _______ are common in this view
A
  • prayer, rituals, charms or amulets

MAGICO-RELIGIOUS PARADIGM

20
Q
  • focuses on the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defines population
  • involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states and applying this knowledge to control health problems
A

epidemiological paradigm

21
Q
  • newer approach which uses concepts from various fields like physics, mathematics, and economics to understand health and disease
  • aims to uncover fundamental principles that govern biological systems and disease processes
A

theoretical and analytical paradigm

22
Q
  • also known as _______
  • microorganisms or substances that cause disease or illness in their hosts
A
  • causative agents
    etiologic agents of disease
23
Q

TYPES OF ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF DISEASE

A
  1. infectious agents
  2. genetic factors
  3. environmental factors
  4. lifestyle factors
  5. autoimmune conditions
  6. physical agents
24
Q
  1. INFECTIOUS AGENTS (5)
A

A. BACTERIA
B. VIRUSES
C. FUNGI
D. PARASITES
E. PRIONS

25
Q

bacteria (2)

A
  1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
    - causes pneumonia
  2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    - causes tuberculosis
26
Q

viruses (2)

A
  1. Influenza virus
    - causes flu
  2. Human immunodeficiency virus
    - HIV, causes AIDS
27
Q

fungi (2)

A
  1. Candida albicans
    - causes candidiasis
  2. Aspergillus species
    - causes aspergillosis
27
Q

parasites (2)

A
  1. Plasmodium species
    - causes malaria
  2. Giardia lamblia
    - causes giardiasis
28
Q

prions

A

abnormal proteins causing diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

29
Q
  1. GENETIC FACTORS (2)
A

A. Inherited Genetic Disorders
- cystic fibrosis
- sickle cell anemia
- hemophilia

B. Mutations
- BRCA1 / BRCA2 mutations increasing breast cancer risk
- mutations causing Huntington’s disease

30
Q
  1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (3)
A

A. TOXINS
- lead poisoning
- mercury poisoning

B. POLLUTION
- air pollution causing respiratory diseases
- water contamination (gastrointestinal infections)

C. RADIATION
- ultraviolet radiation causing skin cancer
- ionizing radiation exposure increasing cancer risk

31
Q
  1. LIFESTYLE FACTORS (3)
A

A. DIET
- poor nutrition: malnutrition or obesity-related diseases

B. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- sedentary lifestyle: cardiovascular diseases

C. SUBSTANCE USE
- smoking: lung cancer, alcohol abuse —> liver cirrhosis

32
Q
  1. AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS
A

Autoimmune diseases:
- rheumatoid arthritis
- lupus
- multiple sclerosis

33
Q
  1. PHYSICAL AGENTS (2)
A

A. TRAUMA
- injuries: fractures
- concussions

B. TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
- frostbite
- heatstroke

34
Q

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absences of treatment

A

natural history of disease

35
Q

5 stages of natural history of disease

A
  1. susceptibility
  2. incubation
  3. prodromal
  4. acute
  5. convalescence
36
Q

5 stages

A
  1. exposure and infection
  2. incubation period
  3. prodromal period
  4. clinical stage
  5. recovery, disability, or death
37
Q

the individual comes into contact with the disease-causing agent

A

exposure and infection

38
Q

time between exposure and the onset of symptoms

A

incubation period

39
Q

initial, mild symptoms may appear

A

prodromal period

40
Q

the disease manifest with full-blown symptoms

A

clinical stage

41
Q

depending on the disease and treatment, the individual may recover, live with chronic conditions, or, unfortunately, pass away

A

recovery, disability, or death

PHARMA 121 (11 decks)

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