UNIT 1 - Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
- study of structure of organisms and their parts
- focuses on the physical arrangement and relationship between different body parts
A
ANATOMY
2
Q
scopes of anatomy
A
- MACROSCOPIC (GROSS) ANATOMY
- MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
3
Q
branch of anatomy that looks at body parts visible to the naked eye
A
macroscopic anatomy
4
Q
branch of anatomy that examines cells and tissues at the microscopic level
A
microscopic anatomy
5
Q
examples: studying the structure of the heart, bones, muscles and organs
A
ANATOMY
6
Q
- study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts
- explains how the body’s systems work and how they respons to challenges
A
PHYSIOLOGY
6
Q
scope of physiology
A
- cellular physiology
- organ physiology
- systemic physiology
- pathophysiology
7
Q
examples: understanding how the heart pumps blood, how muscles contract, and how the kidneys filter waste
A
physiology
8
Q
- study of diseases, their causes, processes, development, and consequences
- aims to understand how and why diseases occur and how they affect the body
A
PATHOLOGY
9
Q
scope of pathology
A
- General Pathology
- Systemic Pathology
10
Q
the study of disease processes affecting multiple organs
A
general pathology
11
Q
study of diseases affecting specific organ systems
A
systemic pathology
12
Q
examples: examining tissue samples to diagnose cancer, understanding the progression of infectious diseases
A
pathology
13
Q
- study of the physiological processes associated with disease or injury
- focuses on the changes in normal physiological functions caused by disease conditions
A
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
14
Q
scope of pathophysiology
A
- combined aspects of physiology and pathology to understand the mechanisms of disease at the functional level
15
Q
examples: investigating how heart disease affects blood flow, how diabetes impacts insulin production and glucose metabolism
A
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
16
Q
refers to the framework or model used to understand and explain the causes, progression and treatment of diseases
A
disease paradigm
17
Q
types of disease paradigms
A
- biomedical paradigm
- naturalistic or holistic paradigm
- magico-religious paradigm
- epidemiological paradigm
- theoretical and analytical paradigm
17
Q
- most widely accepted model in contemporary healthcare
- focuses on biological factors and views the body as a machine that can be fixed when something goes wrong
- diseases are seen as having specific causes, such as bacteria, viruses, or genetic mutations
A
biomedical paradigm
18
Q
- considers the balance of natural forces and the whole person, including physical, psychological, social and spiritual aspects
- ______ and ______ are examples of holistic approaches that emphasize harmony and balance
A
- traditional chinese medicine (TCM) and ayurveda
NATURALISTIC OR HOLISTIC PARADIGM
19
Q
- attributes illness to supernatural forces or divine intervention
- practices such as ______, ______, and the use of ______, or _______ are common in this view
A
- prayer, rituals, charms or amulets
MAGICO-RELIGIOUS PARADIGM
20
Q
- focuses on the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defines population
- involves studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states and applying this knowledge to control health problems
A
epidemiological paradigm
21
Q
- newer approach which uses concepts from various fields like physics, mathematics, and economics to understand health and disease
- aims to uncover fundamental principles that govern biological systems and disease processes
A
theoretical and analytical paradigm
22
Q
- also known as _______
- microorganisms or substances that cause disease or illness in their hosts
A
- causative agents
etiologic agents of disease
23
TYPES OF ETIOLOGIC AGENTS OF DISEASE
1. infectious agents
2. genetic factors
3. environmental factors
4. lifestyle factors
5. autoimmune conditions
6. physical agents
24
1. INFECTIOUS AGENTS (5)
A. BACTERIA
B. VIRUSES
C. FUNGI
D. PARASITES
E. PRIONS
25
bacteria (2)
1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- causes pneumonia
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- causes tuberculosis
26
viruses (2)
1. Influenza virus
- causes flu
2. Human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV, causes AIDS
27
fungi (2)
1. Candida albicans
- causes candidiasis
2. Aspergillus species
- causes aspergillosis
27
parasites (2)
1. Plasmodium species
- causes malaria
2. Giardia lamblia
- causes giardiasis
28
prions
abnormal proteins causing diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
29
2. GENETIC FACTORS (2)
A. Inherited Genetic Disorders
- cystic fibrosis
- sickle cell anemia
- hemophilia
B. Mutations
- BRCA1 / BRCA2 mutations increasing breast cancer risk
- mutations causing Huntington's disease
30
3. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (3)
A. TOXINS
- lead poisoning
- mercury poisoning
B. POLLUTION
- air pollution causing respiratory diseases
- water contamination (gastrointestinal infections)
C. RADIATION
- ultraviolet radiation causing skin cancer
- ionizing radiation exposure increasing cancer risk
31
4. LIFESTYLE FACTORS (3)
A. DIET
- poor nutrition: malnutrition or obesity-related diseases
B. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
- sedentary lifestyle: cardiovascular diseases
C. SUBSTANCE USE
- smoking: lung cancer, alcohol abuse ---> liver cirrhosis
32
5. AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS
Autoimmune diseases:
- rheumatoid arthritis
- lupus
- multiple sclerosis
33
6. PHYSICAL AGENTS (2)
A. TRAUMA
- injuries: fractures
- concussions
B. TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
- frostbite
- heatstroke
34
refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absences of treatment
natural history of disease
35
5 stages of natural history of disease
1. susceptibility
2. incubation
3. prodromal
4. acute
5. convalescence
36
5 stages
1. exposure and infection
2. incubation period
3. prodromal period
4. clinical stage
5. recovery, disability, or death
37
the individual comes into contact with the disease-causing agent
exposure and infection
38
time between exposure and the onset of symptoms
incubation period
39
initial, mild symptoms may appear
prodromal period
40
the disease manifest with full-blown symptoms
clinical stage
41
depending on the disease and treatment, the individual may recover, live with chronic conditions, or, unfortunately, pass away
recovery, disability, or death
