UNIT 2 - INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards
- ________: bluish-purple hue
- ________: yellow discoloration
- ________: redness of the skin caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow)
- ________: pale color of the skin
- cyanotic
- jaundice
- erythema
- pallor
skin is:
- _____ sq. meter
- _____ kg
- _____ %
- 2 sq meter
- 4.5-5 kg
- 7%
3 accessory structures
hair
nails
glands
layers of the skin
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
epidermis under the microscope
- stratum corneum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
- dermis
- dead keratinocytes
- lamellar granules
- keratinocyte
- langerhans cell
- melanocyte
- merkel cell
- tactile disc
- sensory neuron
- 25 to 30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
- Continuously shed and replaced by cells from the deeper strata
- Contains mostly keratin
- Help to protect deeper later from injury and microbial invasion
- ________
- Abnormal thickening of the ___________
- Due to constant exposure of skin to friction
- stratum corneum (horn/horny)
- Callus
- stratum corneum
Present only in the thick skin areas:
* Fingertips
* Palms
* Soles
- Consists of three to five layers of flattened clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes
- stratum lucidum
- Middle of the epidermis
- Consists of three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis.
- Programmed cell death
- Organelles are beginning to degenerate
Contains keratohyalin
* Darkly staining granules of a protein
* Converts the tonofilaments into keratin
Contains lamellar granules
* Release lipid-rich secretion
* Acts as a water-repellant sealant
- Marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata
- stratum granulosum
- Superficial to the stratum Basale
- Eight to ten layers of many-sided keratinocytes with bundles of tonofilaments
- Thornlike spines
- Langerhans cells and projections of melanocytes are also present in this layer
- stratum spinosum
§ Aka Stratum germinativum to indicate its role in forming new cells
§ Deepest later of the epidermis
§ Composed of single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.
§ Some cells are stem cells
§ Contents of the keratinocytes of stratum Basale
* Nuclei are large
* Cytoplasm contains many ribosomes
* A small Golgi complexes
* Few mitochondria
* Some rough endoplasmic reticulum
* Cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments
— ___________
a. Composed of protein that will from keratin in more superficial epidermal layers
b. Melanocytes and Merkel cells with their associated Merkel discs are scattered among the keratinocytes of the basal layer.
- stratum basale
- Tonofilaments
stages of hair growth
- anagen - growth
- catagen - regression
- telogen - resting
- cells of the hair matrix divide
anagen (growth)
- Following the growth stage
- when the cells of the hair matrix stop dividing, the hair follicle atrophies (shrinks), and the hair stops growing
catagen (regression)
- After the regression stage, the hair follicle enters this stage
telogen (resting)
types of hair
- lanugo
- terminal hair
- vellus hair
- Usually by the fifth month of development, the follicles produce very fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus
lanugo
Prior to birth, the lanugo of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp are shed and replaced by long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs
- In response to hormones (androgens) secreted at puberty, this replace vellus hairs in the axillae (armpits) and pubic regions of boys and girls
terminal hairs
- lanugo of the rest of the body are replaced by this
- commonly called “peach fuzz”
- short, fine, pale hairs that are barely visible to the naked eye
- During childhood, this covers most of the body except for the hairs of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp, which are terminal hairs
vellus hairs
- _______: oil gland
- _______: sweat gland
- _______: modified sweat glands in the external ear, produce a waxy lubricating secretion
- sebaceous gland
- sudoriferous gland
- ceruminous gland
- opens into epidermis
- throughout the skin (EXCEPT:lip margin, nail bed, penis, clitoris, labia minora and eardrums)
- perspiration
- soon after birth
- emotional stress
- thermoregulation
eccrine
- opens into hair follicle
- Axilla, groin, areola, beard region, clitoris, labia minora
- perspiration + lipids and CHON
- puberty
- emotional stress and sexual excitement
- X thermoregulation
apocrine
functions of the skin
- thermoregulation
- blood reservoir
- protection
- keratin
- lamellar granules
- langerhans cells
- macrophages
- melanin
- sebum
- acidic ph - cutaneous sensation
- tactile
- thermal
- pain - excretion and absorption
- vitamin d synthesis
- high envi temp: lower body temp
– sweating –> dilation of blood vessels –> - lower envi temp: high body temp
– constriction of BV –> production of sweat decreased
THERMOREGULATION
- carry 8–10% of the total blood flow
BLOOD RESERVOIR
- __________: mechanical protection from microbes, abrasion, heat and chemicals
- __________: retard entry and exit of water across skin surface
- keratin
- lamellar granules
- __________: recognize and process harmful microbial invaders
- __________: phagocytosis
- langerhans cells
- macrophages
- __________: shield against UV rays
- __________: bactericidal, prevents skin and hair from drying out
- melanin
- sebum
- __________: retards growth of microbes
acidic pH
tactile
- touch
- pressure
- vibration
- itch
- tickle
CUTANEOUS SENSATION
thermal
- warmth
- coldness
CUTANEOUS SENSATION
touch
- Meissner corpuscles
- Hair root plexus
- Merkel disc
- Ruffini corpuscles
pressure
- Meissner corpuscles
- Merkel disc
- Pacinian corpuscle
vibration
- Meissner corpuscles
- Pacinian corpuscle
itch & tickle
free nerve endings
- warmth
- coldness
- warm receptors (32-48*C)
- cold receptors (10-40*C)
THERMAL
pain
nociceptors
- ________: water, heat, salts, carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea
- ________: fat soluble vitamins, gases, toxic materials, salts of heavy metals, poisons, transdermal drugs
- excretion
- absorption
VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS
PRECURSOR MOLECULE –(uv rays)—> ACTIVATED PRECURSOR MOLECULE –(liver and kidney enzymes)—> CALCITRIOL
- Most cells in the immune system have ___________.
- it is activated in response to an infection like COVID 19 to enhance phagocytic activity, increase antimicrobial substances, regulate immune function and help reduce inflammation.
- Vit. D receptors
development of hairs (5)
- EPIDERMIS
- 4th week, 11th week - DERMIS
- 11th week - HAIR
- 12th week, 5th month - GLANDS
- 12th week, 4th month, 5th month - NAILS
- 10th week, 9th month
treatment for pressure ulcer
- regularly changing positions
- use a specialized mattress
- diet
- debridement
- surgery
- dressings (hydrocolloid dressing)
- creams and ointments (bepanthen)
a. antibiotics
b. penicillin
c. cephalosporins
d. macrolides
e. aminoglycosides
skin cancer (under normal)
- symmetrical
- borders are even
- one color
- smaller than 1/4 inch
- ordinary mole
treatment for skin cancer
- freezing
- surgery (excisional/mohs)
- curettage and cryotherapy
- photodynamic therapy
- radiation therapy
- chemotherapy
first aid for MINOR burns
- cool (not cold) compress
- clean the wound
- OTC pain meds
first aid for MAJOR burns
- elevate the affected area (if possible)
- cover the affected area with moist bandages
- watch signs of shock
treatment for MAJOR burns
- debriding
- IV fluids
- IV antibiotics
- pain medications
piece of skin is transplanted from one area to another
skin graft
- second, deeper part of the skin
- Composed of a strong connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers which provides great tensile strength
- Has the ability to stretch and recoil easily
- Can be divided into:
1. ___________
2. ___________
- papillary region
- reticular region
DERMIS
§ Consists of areolar connective tissue containing thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
- ___________:
Small, fingerlike structure that project into the undersurface of the epidermis
Increases surface area
Contains capillary loops (blood vessels)
- ____________:
Aka corpuscles of touch
Nerve endings that are sensitive to touch
- ____________:
Dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization
Initiate signals that give rise to sensations of Warmth, Coolness, Pain, Tickling, itching
- Dermal papillae
- Meissner corpuscles
- Free nerve endings
SUPERFICIAL PAPILLARY REGION
§ Attached to the subcutaneous layer
§ Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
§ Contains fibroblasts, Bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
§ Spaces between fiber contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands and sudoferous glands.
§ Provides the skin with strength, extensibility and elasticity
- _________
o Stretchmarks
o Small tears in the dermis that is due to extreme stretching
o Visible as red or silvery white streaks on the skin surface. - _________
o Produced during the third month of fetal development
o Downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region
o Increases the surface area of the epidermis and thus increase the grip of the hand or foot by increasing friction
— _____________
§ The epidermal ridge pattern that is genetically determined and is unique for each individual
§ Because ducts of sweat glands open on the tops of the epidermal ridges as sweat pores, the sweat and ridges form fingerprints upon touching a smooth object.
- Striae
- Epidermal ridges
— Fingerprints (Footprints)
DEEPER RETICULAR REGION
