unit 3 review Flashcards

1
Q

hydrochloric acid in the stomach is responsible for?

A

activating the enzyme pepsin

NOT breaking down carbs (starts in the mouth)
NOT emulsifying fats

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2
Q

which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?

A

small intestine

NOT large intestine or stomach or esophagus

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3
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) has which of the following effects?

A

stimulates the gallbladder to release bile

NO decreases stomach acidity
NO inhibits enzyme production in the pancreas
NOT slows down peristalsis in the esophagus

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4
Q

bicarbonate is important in the small intestine because it:

A

neutralizes stomach acid
small intestines cannot handle that stomach acid so it has to neutralize it so it doesn’t burn etc

the connector piece from the stomach to small intestine is the duodenum

NOT breaks down proteins
NO emulsifies fats
NOT digests carbs

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5
Q

which of the following is NOT a function of the villi/microvilli in the small intestine?

A

it does not produce hydrochloric acid

it does secrete digestive enzymes. it does increase surface area for absorption. it does transport nutrients into the bloodstream

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6
Q

the primary role of the large intestine in digestion is to:

A

absorb water and electrolytes

NOT absorb most nutrients (small intestine), NOT produce bile, NOT secrete digestive enzymes

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7
Q

the gut microbiome is crucial for

A

synthesizing vitamins and aiding digestion

NOT producing hydrochloric acid, NOT emulsifying dietary fats, NOT producing pepsinogen

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8
Q

what is a prebiotic?

A

a non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines

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9
Q

what best describes a probiotic?

A

the beneficial bacteria that are introduced to the gut through supplements or fermented foods

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10
Q

what are postbiotics?

A

metabolic byproducts from microbes that can have health benefits

post / byproducts. butyrate and vitamin K2 are byproducts of those microbes

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11
Q

what is a potential outcome of hypochlorhydria

A

nutrient malabsorption issues

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12
Q

what dysfunction can arise from problems with bile production or flow

A

fat digestion issues and contribution to conditions like SIBO or dysbiosis

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13
Q

how does stress impact digestion?

A

by inhibiting many parts of the digestive system and disrupting normal digestive function

stress shuts down parasympathetic state
then stress
breaking down foods in mouth
low HCL

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14
Q

how do antioxidants support the immune system in the context of digestion?

A

by neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in the gut

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15
Q

what is the role of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in digestion?

A

it acts as the body’s first line of immune defense in the gut, identifying and combating pathogens

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16
Q

how can an imbalance in the gut microbiota affect the immune system?

A

by leading to an overactive immune response that can result in inflammation and autoimmune diseases

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17
Q

the presence of which substance is crucial for the beneficial effects of beneficial bacteria on the immune system?

A

short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the fermentation of dietary fibers

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18
Q

which nutrient is essential for the production of thyroid hormones?

A

iodine

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19
Q

which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones, which are crucial for reproductive health?

A

cholesterol

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20
Q

which of the following digestive disorders is associated with increased rates of male infertility?

A

inflammatory bowel disease

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21
Q

how can improving digestive health potentially benefit those with reproductive disorders?

A

by enhancing nutrient absorption, reducing inflammation, and supporting hormonal balance

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22
Q

how does the gut-brain axis influence mental health?

A

by enabling the gut microbiome to produce neurotransmitters and other compounds that can affect brain function and mood

serotonin is primary neurotransmitter produced in gut

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23
Q

digestive bitters are known as:

A

digestive stimulants

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24
Q

which of the following is considered a cofactor that supports digestive function by aiding in enzyme activity?

A

zinc

NOT fiber, probiotics, or carbs

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25
Q

the primary intent behind an elimination trial is to

A

identify food triggers of adverse reactions by systematically removing and reintroducing foods

26
Q

IgE allergies differ from non-IgE hypersensitivities and functional intolerances in that they:

A

involve an immediate immune response

IgE = immediate immune response where you need an epipen

27
Q

what is the primary goal of phase 1 of biotransformation in detoxification?

A

to modify toxins, making them more reactive and water-soluble

28
Q

during phase 2 of detoxification, what happens to the toxins?

A

they are conjugated with molecules like glutathione to become less harmful

29
Q

what is the main function of phase 3 in the detoxification process?

A

elimination of toxins from the body

30
Q

what can be a consequence of an overactive phase 1 without adequate phase 2 support?

A

accumulation of more reactive intermediates that may cause damage

31
Q

an overactive phase 2 without sufficient phase 1 activity can result in

A

inefficient detoxification due to lack of modified substrates for conjugation

32
Q

impaired phase 3 activity in detoxification can lead to

A

accumulation or reabsorption of toxins in the body

33
Q

what is the primary role of the pancreas in blood sugar regulation?

A

to regulate blood glucose levels by producing insulin and glucagon

34
Q

what is the primary role of the adrenal glands in blood sugar regulation?

A

to release cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline which increase blood glucose levels

35
Q

what is the primary role of the liver in blood sugar regulation?

A

to regulate blood glucose through glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis

36
Q

what is the primary role of skeletal muscle in blood sugar regulation?

A

to uptake and USE glucose for energy, and storage as glycogen, especially during exercise

37
Q

what is the primary role of adipose tissue in blood sugar regulation?

A

to store energy as fat and release fatty acids during fasting and low insulin states, and secrete hormones like adiponectin that enhance insulin sensitivity

38
Q

hormones paired with their function in blood sugar regulation

A

glucagon - stimulates glucose release into the blood stream

cortisol - increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

insulin - decreases blood glucose by increasing cellular glucose uptake

adrenaline/epinephrine - increases blood glucose by enhancing glycogen breakdown

39
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage

glycogenesis is the process by which glucose molecules are linked together to form glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscle tissues for future energy needs

40
Q

what does lipogenesis refer to?

A

the process of converting glucose into fatty acids and triglycerides for storage

41
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like protein

42
Q

glycogenolysis is best described as:

A

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose

43
Q

what does lipolysis involve

A

the process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

what best describes metabolic flexibility?

A

the ability of the body to adapt fuel utilization to fuel availability

45
Q

what characterizes the stage of reactive hypoglycemia in the progression of dysglycemia

A

sharp swings in blood glucose, with high spikes followed by rapid declines

46
Q

which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing metabolic syndrome

A

fasting blood glucose below 70 mg/dL

ARE criteria:
-waist circumference > 40 inches for males and > 35 inches for females
-elevated triglycerides (>150 mg/dL)
-blood pressure (>130/85 mm/Hg)

47
Q

type 2 diabetes is characterized by

A

persistent hyperglycemia and often impaired insulin secretion

48
Q

type 1 diabetes is best described as

A

an autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to uncontrolled blood sugar levels

49
Q

what is the impact of meal timing on blood sugar regulation?

A

consuming larger meals earlier in the day is linked to better glucose control

50
Q

chronic stress contributes to dysglycemia primarily through

A

elevating stress hormones that increase blood glucose levels

51
Q

what is NOT a direct consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on the brain?

A

increased neurogenesis

IS a direct consequence:
-decreased cognitive function
-damage to blood vessels in the brain
-decreased blood flow to the brain

52
Q

alzheimer’s disease has been linked to which of the following conditions in the brain?

A

insulin resistance

53
Q

how does insulin resistance affect estrogen production?

A

it can lead to higher estrogen production

54
Q

what effect does insulin resistance have on testosterone levels in males?

A

it can directly lead to lower levels of testosterone

55
Q

magnesium is an example of a

A

vitamin / mineral cofactor

56
Q

probiotics are an example of

A

therapeutic for gut health

57
Q

coenzyme Q10 is an example of an

A

antioxidant

58
Q

ginseng is an example of an

A

adaptogen

59
Q

pancreas tissue is an example of a

A

glandular

60
Q
A