unit 3 review Flashcards
hydrochloric acid in the stomach is responsible for?
activating the enzyme pepsin
NOT breaking down carbs (starts in the mouth)
NOT emulsifying fats
which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for nutrient absorption?
small intestine
NOT large intestine or stomach or esophagus
cholecystokinin (CCK) has which of the following effects?
stimulates the gallbladder to release bile
NO decreases stomach acidity
NO inhibits enzyme production in the pancreas
NOT slows down peristalsis in the esophagus
bicarbonate is important in the small intestine because it:
neutralizes stomach acid
small intestines cannot handle that stomach acid so it has to neutralize it so it doesn’t burn etc
the connector piece from the stomach to small intestine is the duodenum
NOT breaks down proteins
NO emulsifies fats
NOT digests carbs
which of the following is NOT a function of the villi/microvilli in the small intestine?
it does not produce hydrochloric acid
it does secrete digestive enzymes. it does increase surface area for absorption. it does transport nutrients into the bloodstream
the primary role of the large intestine in digestion is to:
absorb water and electrolytes
NOT absorb most nutrients (small intestine), NOT produce bile, NOT secrete digestive enzymes
the gut microbiome is crucial for
synthesizing vitamins and aiding digestion
NOT producing hydrochloric acid, NOT emulsifying dietary fats, NOT producing pepsinogen
what is a prebiotic?
a non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines
what best describes a probiotic?
the beneficial bacteria that are introduced to the gut through supplements or fermented foods
what are postbiotics?
metabolic byproducts from microbes that can have health benefits
post / byproducts. butyrate and vitamin K2 are byproducts of those microbes
what is a potential outcome of hypochlorhydria
nutrient malabsorption issues
what dysfunction can arise from problems with bile production or flow
fat digestion issues and contribution to conditions like SIBO or dysbiosis
how does stress impact digestion?
by inhibiting many parts of the digestive system and disrupting normal digestive function
stress shuts down parasympathetic state
then stress
breaking down foods in mouth
low HCL
how do antioxidants support the immune system in the context of digestion?
by neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in the gut
what is the role of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in digestion?
it acts as the body’s first line of immune defense in the gut, identifying and combating pathogens
how can an imbalance in the gut microbiota affect the immune system?
by leading to an overactive immune response that can result in inflammation and autoimmune diseases
the presence of which substance is crucial for the beneficial effects of beneficial bacteria on the immune system?
short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the fermentation of dietary fibers
which nutrient is essential for the production of thyroid hormones?
iodine
which nutrient is essential for the synthesis of steroid hormones, which are crucial for reproductive health?
cholesterol
which of the following digestive disorders is associated with increased rates of male infertility?
inflammatory bowel disease
how can improving digestive health potentially benefit those with reproductive disorders?
by enhancing nutrient absorption, reducing inflammation, and supporting hormonal balance
how does the gut-brain axis influence mental health?
by enabling the gut microbiome to produce neurotransmitters and other compounds that can affect brain function and mood
serotonin is primary neurotransmitter produced in gut
digestive bitters are known as:
digestive stimulants
which of the following is considered a cofactor that supports digestive function by aiding in enzyme activity?
zinc
NOT fiber, probiotics, or carbs
the primary intent behind an elimination trial is to
identify food triggers of adverse reactions by systematically removing and reintroducing foods
IgE allergies differ from non-IgE hypersensitivities and functional intolerances in that they:
involve an immediate immune response
IgE = immediate immune response where you need an epipen
what is the primary goal of phase 1 of biotransformation in detoxification?
to modify toxins, making them more reactive and water-soluble
during phase 2 of detoxification, what happens to the toxins?
they are conjugated with molecules like glutathione to become less harmful
what is the main function of phase 3 in the detoxification process?
elimination of toxins from the body
what can be a consequence of an overactive phase 1 without adequate phase 2 support?
accumulation of more reactive intermediates that may cause damage
an overactive phase 2 without sufficient phase 1 activity can result in
inefficient detoxification due to lack of modified substrates for conjugation
impaired phase 3 activity in detoxification can lead to
accumulation or reabsorption of toxins in the body
what is the primary role of the pancreas in blood sugar regulation?
to regulate blood glucose levels by producing insulin and glucagon
what is the primary role of the adrenal glands in blood sugar regulation?
to release cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline which increase blood glucose levels
what is the primary role of the liver in blood sugar regulation?
to regulate blood glucose through glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis
what is the primary role of skeletal muscle in blood sugar regulation?
to uptake and USE glucose for energy, and storage as glycogen, especially during exercise
what is the primary role of adipose tissue in blood sugar regulation?
to store energy as fat and release fatty acids during fasting and low insulin states, and secrete hormones like adiponectin that enhance insulin sensitivity
hormones paired with their function in blood sugar regulation
glucagon - stimulates glucose release into the blood stream
cortisol - increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
insulin - decreases blood glucose by increasing cellular glucose uptake
adrenaline/epinephrine - increases blood glucose by enhancing glycogen breakdown
what is glycogenesis?
the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage
glycogenesis is the process by which glucose molecules are linked together to form glycogen, which is stored in the liver and muscle tissues for future energy needs
what does lipogenesis refer to?
the process of converting glucose into fatty acids and triglycerides for storage
what is gluconeogenesis?
the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like protein
glycogenolysis is best described as:
the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
what does lipolysis involve
the process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
what best describes metabolic flexibility?
the ability of the body to adapt fuel utilization to fuel availability
what characterizes the stage of reactive hypoglycemia in the progression of dysglycemia
sharp swings in blood glucose, with high spikes followed by rapid declines
which of the following is NOT a criterion for diagnosing metabolic syndrome
fasting blood glucose below 70 mg/dL
ARE criteria:
-waist circumference > 40 inches for males and > 35 inches for females
-elevated triglycerides (>150 mg/dL)
-blood pressure (>130/85 mm/Hg)
type 2 diabetes is characterized by
persistent hyperglycemia and often impaired insulin secretion
type 1 diabetes is best described as
an autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to uncontrolled blood sugar levels
what is the impact of meal timing on blood sugar regulation?
consuming larger meals earlier in the day is linked to better glucose control
chronic stress contributes to dysglycemia primarily through
elevating stress hormones that increase blood glucose levels
what is NOT a direct consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia on the brain?
increased neurogenesis
IS a direct consequence:
-decreased cognitive function
-damage to blood vessels in the brain
-decreased blood flow to the brain
alzheimer’s disease has been linked to which of the following conditions in the brain?
insulin resistance
how does insulin resistance affect estrogen production?
it can lead to higher estrogen production
what effect does insulin resistance have on testosterone levels in males?
it can directly lead to lower levels of testosterone
magnesium is an example of a
vitamin / mineral cofactor
probiotics are an example of
therapeutic for gut health
coenzyme Q10 is an example of an
antioxidant
ginseng is an example of an
adaptogen
pancreas tissue is an example of a
glandular
