unit 1 review Flashcards
what best describes the difference between genetics and epigenetics?
genetics is the study of inherent traits, while epigenetics is the study of how behavior and environment can alter those traits
how can food and lifestyle choices impact our health according to epigenetic principles?
they can influence the expression of our genes, providing opportunities for improved health
bio-individuality suggests that:
each person has unique nutritional needs based on a variety of factors
what were some challenges to survival for hunter gatherer societies
they could only consume what they found or caught, leading to potential food scarcity
what benefits arose from the early development of cultivating plants?
it allowed for more permanent settlements and a stable food supply
what major impacts were seen by the people on the land during early colonization?
displacement of indigenous peoples and alterations of the landscape for agriculture and settlements
what key shifts happened with the emergence of cash crops?
a shift towards monoculture farming, often at the expense of soil health and local food supply
what were some of the advancements during industrialization?
mechanization of agriculture and the rise of food processing
what were the resulting impacts of industrialization on food and society?
disconnection from traditional food practices and increased consumption of processed foods
what is the primary purpose of fermenting foods?
to preserve foods and enhance their nutrient bioavailability
soaking and sprouting seeds, grains, and legumes are traditional practices that primarily aim to:
reduce anti-nutrients and make nutrients more bio-available
souring grains, such as in the making os sourdough bread, is a process that:
involves fermentation that can reduce phytates and enhance nutrient bioavailability
what common theme is found across the traditional practice of fermenting, soaking, sprouting, nose to tail, and root to stem eating, souring, and expressing gratitude for food?
they are methods to improve nutritional value, reduce waste, and foster a deeper connection with food
how do anatomy and physiology differ?
anatomy studies the STRUCTURE of body parts, while physiology studies their FUNCTION
how would you define homeostasis?
the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions
how is homeostasis regulated?
through feedback systems that involve receptors, control centers, and effectors
what are some body parameters maintained through homeostasis?
body temperature. glucose levels. blood pH levels.
which of the following best describes the chemistry level of structural organization?
atoms and molecules that make up cells.
NOT: individual cells that are the basic units of life (got this one wrong)
which of the following best summarizes the purpose of the chemical level of structural organization?
to form the basic building blocks from atoms and molecules
an example of the cell level of structural organization is:
a muscle fiber
why do the levels of structural organization matter nutritionally?
nutrients support the structure and function at each level, influencing overall health
what is the function of the plasma membrane?
it controls the entry and exit of substances, maintaining the cells integrity
NOT: it stores the cells genetical material. it packages protein for secretion. (didn’t get to answer before it showed the answer)
what is the primary function of mitochondria?
to produce ATP through cell respiration
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
to process and transport proteins and lipids
what is the primary function of the skin in the integumentary system?
the protect the body from the external environment
which of the following is a function of sweat glands?
temperature regulation
which of the following is NOT a type of muscle tissue?
elastic.
these ARE types of muscle tissues:
-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth
which of the following is a key function of the nervous system?
to process and integrate information
the pancreas plays a role in which systems?
Digestive and Endocrine
(NOT cardiovascular, didnt get it wrong just saying)
which gland is known as the master gland?
pituitary gland
(not thyroid, adrenal, or pineal)
the spleens primary function is:
to filter blood and support the immune system
(NOT to store red blood cells)
which organ is responsible for nutrient absorption
small intestine
(NOT stomach, pancreas, large intestine)
the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs in which part of the respiratory system?
lungs
(NOT trachea, bronchi, larynx)
what is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
to serve as the body’s main energy source of energy
which if the following is NOT true of fiber?
insoluble fiber dissolves in liquid
TRUE about fiber:
-some plant foods contain more than one type of fiber
-fiber feeds beneficial bacteria
-soluble fiber helps maintain energy levels
-soluble fiber dissolves in liquid
what are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
which type of fat is considered most stable and resistant to oxidation?
saturated fats
omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are examples of
polyunsaturated fats
monounsaturated = one double bond in structure. avocados, olive oil, tree nuts
polyunsaturated = two or more double bonds. omega 3 and omega 6, fish and nuts. PUFA’s
how do fat and protein support the integumentary system?
by increasing skin hydration and elasticity
which role does protein play in the muscular system?
provides the structural matrix for muscle formation
how does iron support the muscular system?
by facilitating energy production within muscles
how do vitamins D and K support the skeletal system?
by facilitating calcium absorption and enhancing bone mineralization
what is a big idea regarding nutrient support for the endocrine system?
blood sugar balance and digestion/liver support are crucial
how does iron support the cardiovascular system?
by facilitating oxygen transport in the blood
why is water important for the lymphatic/immune system?
it maintains proper lymph fluid viscosity and function
what does the % daily value on a nutrition label indicate?
the percentage of the nutrient in a single serving in relation to the daily recommended intake
in what order are ingredients list on a food label?
in descending order by weight
which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors that contribute to overall energy expenditure
vitamin and mineral intake
how many calories does 1 gram of fat provide?
9 calories
carbs and protein are 4 calories
alcohol is 7 calories
why is folate particularly important during preconception and pregnancy?
it supports healthy brain and spinal cord development in the fetus
essential fatty acids are important during lactation because they:
support the baby’s brain development
iron is crucial for infants and toddlers because it
supports cognitive development and prevents anemia
vitamin D is essential in infancy and toddlerhood for
supporting bone growth and immune function
what special considerations around diet arise in adolescent years?
increased risk for nutrient deficiencies
essential fatty acids in older adults are important for
supporting cognitive function and reducing inflammation
