Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity KYS

Question 1

allele

Answer 1

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region on a chromosome

Question 2

centromere

Answer 2

structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

Question 3

chromatid

Answer 3

one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division

Question 4

chromosome

Answer 4

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell; made up of proteins and DNA

Question 5

codon (chart)

Answer 5

a chart of all the codons and the amino acids they stand for

Question 6

crossing over

Answer 6

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

Question 7

daughter cell

Answer 7

the cells that are formed after cell division

Question 8

deletion

Answer 8

a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA

Question 9

diploid

Answer 9

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

a molecule that carries genetic information for an organism

Question 11

fertilization

Answer 11

The process by which two gametes (reproductive cells having a single, haploid set of chromosomes) fuse to become a zygote, which develops into a new organism

Question 12

frameshift

Answer 12

An insertion or deletion involving a number of base pairs that is not a multiple of three, which consequently disrupts the triplet reading frame of a DNA sequence

Question 13

gamete

Answer 13

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Question 14

gene

Answer 14

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

Question 15

gene mutation

Answer 15

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different

Question 16

genetic code

Answer 16

the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

Question 17

genetic variation

Answer 17

a measure of the genetic differences that exist within a population

Question 18

haploid

Answer 18

the presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells

Question 19

homologous chromosome

Answer 19

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

Question 20

insertion

Answer 20

A type of genetic change that involves the addition of a segment of DNA

Question 20

independent assortment

Answer 20

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

Question 21

meiosis

Answer 21

a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information

Question 22

meiosis I

Answer 22

the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not

Question 23

meiosis II

Answer 23

the second division in meiosis in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into daughter cells

Question 24

monosomy

Answer 24

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells

Question 25

mutagen

Answer 25

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

Question 26

mutation

Answer 26

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

Question 27

nondisjunction

Answer 27

the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

Question 28

offspring

Answer 28

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

Question 29

parent cell

Answer 29

A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells

Question 30

point mutation

Answer 30

change within a gene in which one base pair in the DNA sequence is altered

Question 31

replication

Answer 31

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

Question 32

sexual reproduction

Answer 32

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

Question 33

somatic cell

Answer 33

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

Question 34

substitution

Answer 34

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

Question 35

trisomy

Answer 35

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body's cells

Question 36

trait

Answer 36

a specific characteristic of an individual