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Psychology > Unit 3 AOS 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning definition

A

The process of acquiring knowledge, skills and behaviours through experience

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2
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A learning process where the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

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3
Q

Antecedent

A

The stimulus that initiates, stimulates or triggers the behaviour

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4
Q

Behaviour

A

The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent. Where the individual acts on their environment

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5
Q

Consequence

A

The outcome of the behaviour, that will determine the likelihood of it occurring again

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6
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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7
Q

Punishment

A

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring

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8
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The addition of a desirable stimulus (e.g. gold star for doing homework)

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9
Q

Positive punishment

A

The addition of an undesirable stimulus (e.g. getting detention for being out of uniform)

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10
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of a negative stimulus (e.g. dont have to do chores)

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11
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

The removal of an undesirable stimulus (e.g don’t have to do chores because of a good SAC score)

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12
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning that involves watching the behaviour of the model and the associated consequence of that behaviour

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13
Q

ARRMR

A

-Attention
-Retention
-Reproduction
-Motivation
-Reinforcement

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14
Q

Attention

A

Involves the learner focusing their awareness on the behaviours of the model

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15
Q

Retention

A

Involves forming mental representations for the behaviours we observe.

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16
Q

Reproduction

A

The learner must be capable and have the mental and physical capability to perform the actions that were observed

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17
Q

Motivation

A

The learner must have a want and desire to perform the behaviour

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18
Q

Reinforcement

A

When the learner experiences a positive outcome after performing the behaviour, which makes it more likely for them to repeat it in the future

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19
Q

Memory

A

The process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

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20
Q

Encoding

A

Converting information into a useable form that can be manipulated and stored in the brain

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21
Q

Storage

A

The retention of information over time

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

Accessing information stored in our LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in short term memory

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23
Q

Sensory memory

A

A store of memory that very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses

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24
Q

Iconic memory

A

Stores visual information
0.2-0.4 duration
Unlimited capacity

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25
Q

Echoic memory

A

Stores auditory information
3-4 secs duration
Unlimited capacity

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26
Q

Short term memory

A

An active store that holds all information you are consciously aware of at any moment

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27
Q

Short term memory duration

A

18-30 seconds

28
Q

Short term memory capacity

A

7 bits of information +/- 2

29
Q

Encoding

A

Information is encoded verbally

30
Q

How to increase capacity of STM

A

Chunking

31
Q

How to increase duration of STM

A

Maintenance rehearsal- Conscious recitation of information in a rote fashion

32
Q

Long-term memory

A

A store of memory where a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time

33
Q

Strength of multi-store model

A

It’s ability to explain how information is transferred to LTM from sensory memory and STM, and why forgetting occurs. Demonstrated through the serial position effect

34
Q

Limitations of multi-store model

A

-Does not explain the different forms of long-term memory that were apparent in the case of H.M
-Doesn’t explain how we encode, store and retrieve information about life events, how we organise our knowledge of concepts and words, or how we learn and perform skills.

35
Q

Explicit memory

A

Consciously recalled memories of facts or personally experienced events

36
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories of general facts and concepts, including self-related knowledge
e.g. what is learned at school

37
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories that contain autobiographical information about experiences in our lives
e.g 10th birthday party

38
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious recall of memories of how to do something, demonstrated through changed behaviour and adaptive responses.

39
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory of learnt actions or skills, often difficult to put into words. e.g. marking a footy

40
Q

Conditioning (memory)

A

Memories acquired through classical and operant conditioning, such as memories involving fear and anxiety like a fear of the dentist

41
Q

Hippocampus

A

EXPLICIT Encoding and retrieval of personal memories and memories of facts and figures

42
Q

Neocortex

A

EXPLICIT Storage of personal memories and memories of facts and figures

43
Q

Cerebellum

A

IMPLICIT Encoding and temporary storage of implicit memories related to movement

44
Q

Basal ganglia

A

IMPLICIT Encoding of implicit memories related to habits and procedures

45
Q

Amydala

A

BOTH Encoding of implicit memory related to emotion, as well as feeding this info to the hippocampus so emotional info can be integrated into explicit memories

46
Q

SAM (semantic autobiographical memory)

A

Facts about events, dates or ourselves.

47
Q

EAM (episodic autobiographical memory)

A

Moments of experience that are linked to time and space.

48
Q

Episodic future thinking

A

Imagining how we will experience an event in the future from a first-person perspective.

49
Q

HSAM (Highly superior autobiographical memory)

A

recall rich episodic details of each day of their lives

50
Q

SDAM (severely deficient autobiographical memory)

A

recall only semantic knowledge about their lives.

51
Q

Mental imagery

A

perception-like experiences in the absence of sensory input

52
Q

Object imagery

A

The ability to picture shape, colour and texture of objects, as well as people, faces, animals and scenes

53
Q

What brain area is object imagery associated with?

A

Visual cortex in the occipital lobes

54
Q

Spatial imagery

A

The ability to imagine relationships between objects, and between parts of objects, and their movement in three-dimensional space.

55
Q

What brain area is spatial imagery associated with?

A

Parietal lobes

56
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A progressive, neurodegenerative disease that causes a loss of brain tissue that is eventually fatal.

57
Q

Alzheimer’s symptoms

A

Symptoms of dementia, including memory loss, confusion, changes in personality and an inability to perform familiar tasks

58
Q

Biological causes of Alzheimer’s

A

-Build up of beta amyloid that causes amyloid plaques to build up between neurons and disrupt neural functioning
-Build up of tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles
-Brain atrophy, where neurons die causing the brain to shrink

59
Q

First symptom of Alzheimer’s

A

Severe anterograde amnesia for episodic autobiographical memory and semantic memory. Unable to recall memories about new recent events, or facts learned during these events. Includes episodic future thinking

60
Q

Second symptom of Alzheimer’s

A

Retrograde amnesia for EAM

61
Q

Third symptom of Alzheimer’s

A

Loss of general semantic knowledge, so objects, people and familiar situations are no longer recognised

62
Q

Fourth symptom of Alzheimer’s

A

Procedural memory loss. Lose ability to perform even most highly practiced tasks

63
Q

Order of brain areas affected by Alzheimer’s

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Temporal lobe
  3. Frontal lobe
  4. Parietal lobe
  5. Occipital lobe
64
Q

Brain lesions

A

Areas of abnormal tissue damage

65
Q

Acronyms

A

An abbreviation formed by using the first letter of each word in a phrase or title we want to remember to form a unit that can be produced as a word e.g ANZAC, FOMO

66
Q

Acrostics

A

Uses the first letter of each word of the to-be remembered information to create memorable phrases or sentences from words that begin with those letters.

Psychology (10 decks)

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