Unit 3 AOS 2 Flashcards
Learning definition
The process of acquiring knowledge, skills and behaviours through experience
Operant conditioning
A learning process where the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
Antecedent
The stimulus that initiates, stimulates or triggers the behaviour
Behaviour
The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent. Where the individual acts on their environment
Consequence
The outcome of the behaviour, that will determine the likelihood of it occurring again
Reinforcement
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring
Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring
Positive reinforcement
The addition of a desirable stimulus (e.g. gold star for doing homework)
Positive punishment
The addition of an undesirable stimulus (e.g. getting detention for being out of uniform)
Negative reinforcement
The removal of a negative stimulus (e.g. dont have to do chores)
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an undesirable stimulus (e.g don’t have to do chores because of a good SAC score)
Observational learning
Learning that involves watching the behaviour of the model and the associated consequence of that behaviour
ARRMR
-Attention
-Retention
-Reproduction
-Motivation
-Reinforcement
Attention
Involves the learner focusing their awareness on the behaviours of the model
Retention
Involves forming mental representations for the behaviours we observe.
Reproduction
The learner must be capable and have the mental and physical capability to perform the actions that were observed
Motivation
The learner must have a want and desire to perform the behaviour
Reinforcement
When the learner experiences a positive outcome after performing the behaviour, which makes it more likely for them to repeat it in the future
Memory
The process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered
Encoding
Converting information into a useable form that can be manipulated and stored in the brain
Storage
The retention of information over time
Retrieval
Accessing information stored in our LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in short term memory
Sensory memory
A store of memory that very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
Iconic memory
Stores visual information
0.2-0.4 duration
Unlimited capacity
Echoic memory
Stores auditory information
3-4 secs duration
Unlimited capacity
Short term memory
An active store that holds all information you are consciously aware of at any moment
Short term memory duration
18-30 seconds
Short term memory capacity
7 bits of information +/- 2
Encoding
Information is encoded verbally
How to increase capacity of STM
Chunking
How to increase duration of STM
Maintenance rehearsal- Conscious recitation of information in a rote fashion
Long-term memory
A store of memory where a potentially unlimited amount of information is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time
Strength of multi-store model
It’s ability to explain how information is transferred to LTM from sensory memory and STM, and why forgetting occurs. Demonstrated through the serial position effect
Limitations of multi-store model
-Does not explain the different forms of long-term memory that were apparent in the case of H.M
-Doesn’t explain how we encode, store and retrieve information about life events, how we organise our knowledge of concepts and words, or how we learn and perform skills.
Explicit memory
Consciously recalled memories of facts or personally experienced events
Semantic memory
Memories of general facts and concepts, including self-related knowledge
e.g. what is learned at school
Episodic memory
Memories that contain autobiographical information about experiences in our lives
e.g 10th birthday party
Implicit memory
Unconscious recall of memories of how to do something, demonstrated through changed behaviour and adaptive responses.
Procedural memory
Memory of learnt actions or skills, often difficult to put into words. e.g. marking a footy
Conditioning (memory)
Memories acquired through classical and operant conditioning, such as memories involving fear and anxiety like a fear of the dentist
Hippocampus
EXPLICIT Encoding and retrieval of personal memories and memories of facts and figures
Neocortex
EXPLICIT Storage of personal memories and memories of facts and figures
Cerebellum
IMPLICIT Encoding and temporary storage of implicit memories related to movement
Basal ganglia
IMPLICIT Encoding of implicit memories related to habits and procedures
Amydala
BOTH Encoding of implicit memory related to emotion, as well as feeding this info to the hippocampus so emotional info can be integrated into explicit memories
SAM (semantic autobiographical memory)
Facts about events, dates or ourselves.
EAM (episodic autobiographical memory)
Moments of experience that are linked to time and space.
Episodic future thinking
Imagining how we will experience an event in the future from a first-person perspective.
HSAM (Highly superior autobiographical memory)
recall rich episodic details of each day of their lives
SDAM (severely deficient autobiographical memory)
recall only semantic knowledge about their lives.
Mental imagery
perception-like experiences in the absence of sensory input
Object imagery
The ability to picture shape, colour and texture of objects, as well as people, faces, animals and scenes
What brain area is object imagery associated with?
Visual cortex in the occipital lobes
Spatial imagery
The ability to imagine relationships between objects, and between parts of objects, and their movement in three-dimensional space.
What brain area is spatial imagery associated with?
Parietal lobes
Alzheimer’s disease
A progressive, neurodegenerative disease that causes a loss of brain tissue that is eventually fatal.
Alzheimer’s symptoms
Symptoms of dementia, including memory loss, confusion, changes in personality and an inability to perform familiar tasks
Biological causes of Alzheimer’s
-Build up of beta amyloid that causes amyloid plaques to build up between neurons and disrupt neural functioning
-Build up of tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles
-Brain atrophy, where neurons die causing the brain to shrink
First symptom of Alzheimer’s
Severe anterograde amnesia for episodic autobiographical memory and semantic memory. Unable to recall memories about new recent events, or facts learned during these events. Includes episodic future thinking
Second symptom of Alzheimer’s
Retrograde amnesia for EAM
Third symptom of Alzheimer’s
Loss of general semantic knowledge, so objects, people and familiar situations are no longer recognised
Fourth symptom of Alzheimer’s
Procedural memory loss. Lose ability to perform even most highly practiced tasks
Order of brain areas affected by Alzheimer’s
- Hippocampus
- Temporal lobe
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital lobe
Brain lesions
Areas of abnormal tissue damage
Acronyms
An abbreviation formed by using the first letter of each word in a phrase or title we want to remember to form a unit that can be produced as a word e.g ANZAC, FOMO
Acrostics
Uses the first letter of each word of the to-be remembered information to create memorable phrases or sentences from words that begin with those letters.
