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1
Q

Sensory (afferent) neuron role

A

Detects energy from the external environment and stimulation from the internal environment and carries that information to the CNS

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2
Q

Motor (efferent) neuron role

A

Carry commands from the brain to the muscles, organs and glands to enable movement

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3
Q

Interneuron role

A

Carry information directly between sensory and motor neurons. Involved in reflex actions.

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4
Q

Somatic NS

A

Involved in all voluntary movement, carry sensory information about the world and initiating motor movements in response

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5
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Controls actions of certain organs and glands without our conscious control, includes sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric NS.

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6
Q

Spinal reflex

A

An unconscious, involuntary and automatically occurring response to certain stimuli without any involvement of the brain.

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7
Q

Spinal reflex process

A

A sensory neuron detects the message and relays the message to the spinal cord, an interneuron passes the message to a motor neuron, a motor response then follows

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages passed across the synaptic gap from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron

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9
Q

Glutamate role

A

The main excitatory neurotransmitter, aids in the fast transmission of neural information, essential for memory formation

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10
Q

GABA role

A

The main inhibitory neurotransmitter, slows neural transmission, and has a calming effect on the brain.

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11
Q

Neuromodulators

A

Chemical messages released from a neuron that affect a large number of neurons at the same time

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

Responsible for a variety of excitatory actions including smooth, coordinated movements, motivating behaviour in pursuit of reward. Known to have an effect on our mood, memory, sleep and concentration.

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

An inhibitory neuromodulator produced in the CNS and intestines. Regulates mood, sleep and responses to pain. Low levels are linked to anxiety, depression and sleep issues.

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14
Q

Structural changes synaptic plasticity

A

-Growth of new synaptic connections (sprouting)
-The pruning away of existing connections (pruning
-A change in the number of receptors on a post-synaptic neuron.

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15
Q

Functional changes synaptic plasticity

A

-Changes in the ability of the post-synaptic neuron to be excited by neurotransmitters
-Changes to the amount of neurotransmitters released by the pre-synaptic neuron

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16
Q

Sprouting

A

The growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections

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17
Q

Rerouting

A

When an undamaged neuron loses its connection with a damaged neuron so forms a new connection with another undamaged neuron.

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18
Q

Stress

A

The response a person experiences when confronted with a threatening or challenging situation

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19
Q

Where is cortisol produced

A

Adrenal glands

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20
Q

Explanatory power

A

The ability of a theory/model to explain a subject matter effectively

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21
Q

Strengths of the GAS model

A

-Makes the important connection between stress and increased risk of illness
-Identifies biological processes dependent on the stage of stress

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22
Q

Limitations of the GAS model

A

-Does not account for individual differences
-Does not consider cognitive factors
-The model was primarily based on research conducted using animals

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23
Q

Strengths of Lazarus folkmans

A

-Focuses on psychological influences on how we react to a stressor
-Emphasises individual nature of stress responses
-Developed with reference to humans
-Views stress as involving an interaction with the environment where the person has an active rather than passive role

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24
Q

Limitations of Lazarus folkmans

A

-Difficult to test with experimental research due to subjectivity
-Primary and secondary appraisals can interact or be undertaken simultaneously
-There is doubt we need to appraise something as being stressful for it to cause stress
-People may not be able to identify all the factors causing them stress
-Does not address physiological responses to stress

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25
Q

Gut-brain axis

A

A network of bidirectional neural pathways that enable communication between the bacteria in the GI tract and the brain.

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26
Q

ATSI ways of knowing

A

Connected to landscape, relational, reciprocal, spiritual and based on deep connection to ancestral knowledge, holistic and traditionally transmitted orally

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27
Q

System of knowledge

A

Knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings, and in turn inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity

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28
Q

2 common ways knowledge is patterned on country

A

Through kinship relationships
Through knowledge being encoded in the landscape

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29
Q

Memory definition

A

The set of psychobiological systems and processes that allow our past experiences to inform how we respond to and interpret our current experiences and to imagine the future

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30
Q

Sensory memory

A

Holds sensory information in its raw form for very short periods of time

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31
Q

STM

A

An active store that holds all information you are consciously aware of at any moment

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32
Q

LTM

A

A relatively permanent, limitless passive storage system

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33
Q

Strength of the multi store model of memory

A

Its ability to explain how information is transferred from LTM to sensory memory and STM, and why forgetting occurs. Demonstrated through the serial position effect

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34
Q

Limitations of the multi store model

A

-Does not explain the different forms of LTM that were so apparent in the case of HM
-Does not explain how we encode, store and retrieve information about the events of our lives, how we organise our knowledge of concepts and words, or how we learn and perform skills
-Fails to explain why some forms of memory are affected by hippocampus damage and some are not

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35
Q

Explicit memory

A

Consciously recalled memories of facts or personally experienced events

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36
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memories of general facts or concepts, including self-related knowledge

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37
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memories that involve re-experiencing events from our lives

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38
Q

Implicit memory

A

Unconscious recall of memories of how to do something

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39
Q

Procedural memories

A

Memory of learnt skills and actions

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40
Q

Hippocampus

A

Encodes/retrieves explicit memories, interacts with the amygdala to link emotions with explicit memories and interacts with the neocortex to store and retrieve explicit memories

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41
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional memories, plays a role in the rapid and unconscious processing of emotions (implicit) and feeds this information to the hippocampus to be integrated into explicit memories

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42
Q

Neocortex

A

Stores explicit memories, our explicit LTMs are stores in the networks of neurons in the neocortex

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43
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Encodes procedural memories, initiates practiced sequences of movements and results in smooth sequences of voluntary movement stored as a procedural memory

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44
Q

Cerebellum

A

Procedural memories for motor skills, interacts with the basal ganglia and the motor programming areas of the neocortex to encode, store and retrieve implicit LTMs, controls movements, balance and coordination

45
Q

Semantic autobiographical memory

A

Facts about events, dates or ourselves

46
Q

Episodic autobiographical memory

A

Moments of experience that are linked to time and place

47
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

Represents our memories of personally experienced events and self-knowledge, episodic and semantic memories interact to retrieve past events and imagine future events

48
Q

Episodic future thinking

A

Allows us to imagine how we will experience an event in the future from a first-person perspective

49
Q

Mental imagery

A

Perception like experiences in the absence of sensory input,

50
Q

Alzheimers disease

A

A neurodegenerative disease that causes a progressive loss of brain tissue (atrophy) that is eventually fatal.

51
Q

Biological causes of Alzheimers disease

A

-Abnormal build up of beta-amyloid, which collects into clumps called amyloid plaques, that build up between neurons and affect their functioning
-Build up of tau protein causes neurofibrillary tangles that interrupt cell transmission
-Brain atrophy, neurons progressively die causing brain tissue to shrink

52
Q

Progression of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms

A

-Severe anterograde amnesia for EAM and semantic memories (memories about new recent events and facts learned at these events)
Also difficulty generating voluntary mental imagery and episodic future thinking
-Retrograde amnesia for EAM
-Loss of general semantic knowledge
-Procedural memory

53
Q

Brain lesions

A

Areas of abnormal tissue damage

54
Q

Songlines

A

Encode knowledge in sung narratives and performance that are associated with locations in the landscape and the night sky

55
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Sample contains same proportion of participants from each social group present in the population of interest

56
Q

Case studies

A

Detailed investigation of one instance of a phenomenon. Focuses on one person, activity, behaviour, event or problem.

57
Q

Classification and identification

A

Organise phenomena, objects or events into new sets.

58
Q

Literature reviews

A

Collating and analysing secondary data to answer a question or to provide background information, or as preparation for an investigation

59
Q

Between subjects design

A

Scores compared between different participants, participants are allocated to wither an experimental or control group,

60
Q

Strength and limitation of between subjects

A

Strength- No order effects
Limitations- EV participant variables

61
Q

Within subjects design

A

Scores compared within the same participants, participants are exposed to both control and experimental conditions.

62
Q

Strength and limitation of within subjects

A

Strength- Controls participant variables
Limitation- Order effects, controlled by counterbalancing where half complete experimental and half complete control conditions first

63
Q

Mixed design

A

Both within and between subjects designs are used. Two IVs, a between subjects variable and a within subjects variable

64
Q

Strength and limitation of mixed design

A

Strength- Provides advantages of both within and between
Limitation- More difficult to carry out

65
Q

Accuracy

A

How close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity being measured

66
Q

Precision

A

How close a set of measurement values are to one another

67
Q

Repeatability

A

The closeness of results of successive measurements carried out under the same conditions

68
Q

Reproducibility

A

The closeness of results of measurements/tests, carried out under changed conditions

69
Q

Validity

A

How well do the results represent true findings among the population of interest?

70
Q

Internal validity

A

Did the experiment investigate what it set out to investigate? Depends on sampling, design, EVs and confounding variables

71
Q

External validity

A

Can the results be applied to similar individuals in a different setting/the real world? Depends on the sample representing the population and using measures that reflect the real world.

72
Q

Uncertainty

A

The lack of exact knowledge of the true value of the measurement.

73
Q

Ethical concepts

A

Beneficence, respect, integrity, justice, non-maleficence

74
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Voluntary participation, withdrawal rights, debriefing, informed consent, confidentiality, deception

75
Q

Meaning of psychological construct

A

Can’t be directly observed or experienced by others

76
Q

Sleep

A

A reversible, naturally occurring altered state of consciousness in which we lose awareness of our environment

77
Q

NREM stage 1

A

Can be woken easily, decrease in heart rate, respiration, body temp. Characterised by slow rolling eye movements, lasts 2-10 minutes

78
Q

NREM stage 2

A

Light stage of sleep, can still be easily aroused, body temp drops, heart rate and breathing rate continue to slow

79
Q

NREM stage 2 length

A

Lasts around 10-25 minutes in the first cycle and then lengthens after that to approx 20-30 minutes

80
Q

NREM stage 3

A

Difficult to arouse people, known as deep sleep or slow wave sleep, muscles are relaxed and there are limited eye movements

81
Q

NREM stage 3 length

A

20-40 minutes, but decreasing in length as the night progresses

82
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Brief bursts of higher frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that last approx 1 second- indicate a person is truly asleep

83
Q

K complexes

A

Single low frequency, high amplitude brain waves

84
Q

Age groups hours of sleep

A

Newborn- 16
Infants- 12-15
Child- 9-11
Adolescent- 8-10
Adult- 7-9
Elderly- 6-8

85
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

Any sleep disorders caused by a mismatch between a persons internal circadian rhythm and their actual or required sleep schedule

86
Q

Mental disorders

A

Clinically significant conditions of mental ill health that causes distress to the person experiencing the disorder and impairs their ability to function

87
Q

Resilience

A

A persons ability to cope with uncertainty and respond to life events adaptively

88
Q

SEWB model

A

Situates mental wellbeing within a broader, holistic framework that recognises the importance of history and culture as factors that influence wellbeing and reflects the understandings of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

89
Q

Key aim of SEWB model

A

To help build the skills and knowledge of non-indigenous health professionals and social service providers to be culturally responsive

90
Q

Self in the centre of SEWB model communicates…

A

The key concept of a collectivist understanding of human development, rather than individualistic

91
Q

Determinants of SEWB

A

Social, cultural, historical, political

92
Q

Seven domains of connections SEWB

A

-Family and kinship
-Body and behaviours
-Mind and emotions
-Community
-Culture
-Country
-Ancestors

93
Q

Anxiety

A

The emotional state we feel when we anticipate threat or danger

94
Q

Phobia

A

A form of anxiety disorder where a person experiences an intense, irrational and out of proportion fear of a specific object, activity or situation

95
Q

LTP contribution to specific phobia

A

LTP occurs in the cells of the hippocampus, producing neural changes that underlie the formation of memory. When we associate fear with a specific stimulus, a new memory circuit with connections within the amygdala is thought to be made through LTP.

96
Q

Cognitive bias

A

An automatic tendency to process or interpret information in a particular way, producing systematic errors in thinking when making judgements or decisions.

97
Q

Memory bias

A

The tendency to remember information of one kind at the expense of another kind, including the bias towards remembering negative and threat related experiences associated with phobia.

98
Q

Catastrophic thinking

A

When an individual repeatedly overestimates the potential dangers and assumes the worst of an object or event.

99
Q

How do GABA agonists work?

A

They act by facilitating the binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at various GABA receptors throughout the CNS

100
Q

Breath retraining

A

The process of identifying incorrect breathing habits and replacing them with correct ones.

101
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Psychological techniques used for treating mental health disorders with the goal of producing positive changes in thinking, emotions, personality or behaviours

102
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Teaches clients to apply cognitive behavioural strategies to recognise and change negative and unproductive patterns of thinking and behaving.

103
Q

Systematic desensitisation

A

A type of behaviour therapy that uses counterconditioning to reduce the anxiety a person experiences when in the presence of or thinking about a feared stimulus

104
Q

Two types of psychoeducation

A

-Challenging unrealistic or anxious thoughts
-Not encouraging avoidance behaviours

105
Q

Biological, psychological and social protective factors

A

Biological- Adequate hydration and nutritious diet, sufficient sleep
Psychological- Mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioural strategies
Social- Support from family friends and community that is authentic and engaging

106
Q

Cultural determinants of social and emotional wellbeing

A

Cultural continuity
Self-determination

107
Q

Cultural continuity

A

The intergenerational transmission of cultural knowledge, values and practices to support Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to maintain a strong and secure sense of cultural identity and values

108
Q

Self-determination

A

The fundamental right of people to shape their own lives, so that they determine what it means to live well according to their own values and beliefs

109
Q

Mnemonics

A

Techniques that help us encode information that helps it become more memorable through retrieval cues

Psychology (10 decks)

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