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Psychology > Unit 3 AOS 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 AOS 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of

A

The brain and spinal cord

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1
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system made up of

A

Everything else, eg. muscles, organs, glands

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2
Q

Central nervous system function

A

Receives sensory information from the peripheral nervous system and sends motor messages to the peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Brain main functions

A

receives, processes and integrates info from the rest of the body and generates a response to it.

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

A cable-like column of nerve fibres that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back and is encased in a series of bones called vertebrae

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5
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Sends sensory/afferent messages towards the brain and motor/efferent messages away from the brain

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6
Q

SAME

A

Sensory
Afferent
Motor
Efferent

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

A network of neurons within the body that transmit information from receptor sites to the CNS and then carry information to the muscles to initiate voluntary movement

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A network of neutrons that carry information between the CNS and the organs and glands to ensure they are regulated without conscious awareness

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9
Q

Two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic NS and autonomic NS

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10
Q

Three parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic NS, parasympathetic NS and enteric NS

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11
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Prepares the body for action, activates fight or flight responses

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12
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Maintains the body in a state of homeostasis, returns the body to a state of calm after stress or heightened arousal

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13
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Transmits sensory information from the body to the brain via afferent pathways

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14
Q

Motor neuron

A

Transmits motor information from your brain to your body via efferent pathways

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15
Q

Interneuron

A

Transmits information between sensory and motor neurons

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16
Q

Which neurons does the spinal cord contain

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons

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17
Q

Spinal reflex

A

An unconscious, involuntary and automatically occurring response to certain stimuli without any involvement of the brain.

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18
Q

Enteric NS

A

Gut control, mesh of sensory and motor neurons lining the wall of the digestive organs. Receives and sends messages to the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS, controls many functions of the digestive system.

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19
Q

What part of the nervous system controls the spinal reflex

A

Somatic NS and CNS

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

an extension of a neuron that detects & receives info from other neurons

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21
Q

Receptor sites

A

these are locations on the end of the dendritic spines that receive the chemical form of the neural message (neurotransmitters) before it is sent to the soma (cell body)

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21
Q

Axons

A

a single, tubelike extension that transmits neural information to other neurons

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22
Q

Axon terminals

A

the location where the neurotransmitter is released into the synapse

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23
Q

Synaptic vesicle

A

the sacs in the Axon terminal that contain neurotransmitters.

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24
Q

Synaptic gap/cleft

A

the space between the neurons.

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25
Q

Synapse

A

The area that contains the presynaptic axon terminal + the synaptic gap + the post synaptic dendrite.

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26
Q

Lock

A

Receptor site on the dendrite of the post-synaptic neuron

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27
Q

Key

A

Neurotransmitters from the pre-synaptic neuron

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28
Q

Agonist

A

Activates receptor

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29
Q

Antagonist

A

Blocks receptor

30
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messages passed across the synaptic gap by the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic neuron.

31
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages that make the post-synaptic neuron less likely to fire it’s action potential

32
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messages that make the post-synaptic neuron more likely to fire it’s action potential

33
Q

GABA

A

he main inhibitory neurotransmitter. GABA slows neural transmission; thus, it has a calming effect, e.g. anti-anxiety medication

34
Q

Glutamate

A

the main excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate aids in fast transmission of neural information; essential for memory formation

35
Q

Neuromodulators

A

chemical messages released from a neuron that affect a large number of neurons at the same time.
e.g. dopamine or seratonin

36
Q

Dopamine

A

A neuromodulator responsible for a variety of actions (excitatory effects) including smooth, coordinated movements and motivating behaviour in pursuit of a reward

37
Q

Seratonin

A

an inhibitory neuromodulator that in produced within the CNS and intestines. serves as important function in regulating mood, sleep and responses to pain.

38
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to reorganise its neural pathways when damaged or when adapting to new experiences.

39
Q

Synaptic plasticity structural changes

A

Sprouting and pruning
A change in the number of receptors on a post-synaptic neuron

40
Q

Synaptic plasticity functional changes

A

Changes in the ability of the post-synaptic neuron to be excited by neurotransmitters

Changes to the amount of neurotransmitters released by the pre-synaptic neuron

41
Q

LTP (long term potentiation)

A

a process where synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation.

42
Q

Sprouting

A

The growth of additional branches on axons or dendrites to enable new connections

43
Q

Rerouting

A

Occurs when an undamaged neuron loses connection with a damaged neuron and forms a new connection with another undamaged neuron

44
Q

LTD (long term depression)

A

a change to the connection between neurons that results in a long- lasting reduction in the strength of a neural response due to persistent weak stimulation

45
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

The removal of unnecessary and unused neurons as a result of LTD in order to increase efficiency in the brain

46
Q

Stress

A

the physiological and psychological response that a person experiences when confronted with a situation that is threatening or challenging.

47
Q

Stressor

A

A person, object or event that is threatening or challenging

48
Q

Internal stressors

A

Factors that originate from within a person e.g. low self-esteem

49
Q

External stressors

A

Factors that originate outside the body e.g. moving to a new country

50
Q

Distress

A

A negative psychological response to a stressor

51
Q

Eustress

A

A positive psychological response to a stressor

52
Q

Acute stress

A

The body’s immediate response to a perceived stressor

53
Q

Chronic stress

A

The body’s response to a long-term or persistent stressor

54
Q

Fight response

A

Confront the threat.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system

55
Q

Flight response

A

Flee from the source of danger.
Escaping is perceived as the safest option.
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system,

56
Q

Freeze response

A

Immobility and shock in response to a threat.
Freezing may be the best guarantee of safety.
Brief activation of the parasympathetic NS. The sympathetic NS is also activated so the body is ready to spring into action.

57
Q

What hormones do the adrenal glands release in the fight flight or freeze response

A

Adrenaline and nonadrenaline

58
Q

Cortisol

A

The primary stress hormone, porduced by the adrenal glands and is released into the bloodstream.

59
Q

Short term increase in cortisol

A

provides an immediate burst of energy to respond to a stressor.

60
Q

Long term increase in cortisol

A

supresses the immune system, increases fatigue, sleep disturbances, emotional hypersensitivity, anxiety, and mild depression.

61
Q

Hypothalamic-pituatary-adrenal axis

A
  1. Sympathetic NS
  2. Hypothalamus releases CRH
  3. Pituitary glands release ACTH
  4. Adrenal glands release cortisol into the bloodstream
62
Q

Explanatory power

A

The ability of a model or theory to explain subject matter effectively

63
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) model

A

Describes the physiological changes that the body automatically goes through when it responds to stress

64
Q

Alarm reaction

A

Body becomes aware of the stressor
Shock-Ability to deal with stressor is below normal level, body may display symptoms of injury
Countershock-Body rebounds, sympathetic NS activates, adrenaline and noradrenaline is released, resistance to stress increases

65
Q

Resistance

A

Body’s resistance to stressor rises above normal, cortisol is released, individual appears as if everything is normal, all unnecessary physiological processes are shut down

66
Q

Exhaustion

A

Resistance to stress is below average again, body’s resources are depleted, alarm reaction changes may appear again, resistance to disease is weak.

67
Q

Limitation of GAS model

A

Was primarily based on research using animals, may have limited relevance to the human stress response

68
Q

Strength of GAS model

A

Makes an important connection between stress and an increased risk of illness

69
Q

What is the gut-brain axis

A

A bi-directional neural pathway that enables communication between bacteria in the GI tract and brain

70
Q

The vagus nerve

A

Communicates between the gut and the brain, runs from the brain stem to the intestines

71
Q

% vagus nerve fibres afferent vs efferent

A

90% afferent
10% efferent
From gut to brain

72
Q

What sort of information is transmitted from the gut to the brain

A

-Hormones
-Neurotransmitters
-Pain
-Movement in muscles
-Tension in cells and muscles

73
Q

What occurs when microbiota is disrupted

A

Increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression
Decreased memory and cognition

74
Q

Microbiota

A

A diverse system of 100 trillion bacteria and other microorganisms that live in the GI tract.

75
Q
A

Psychology (10 decks)

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