Exam revision unit 1 Flashcards
Hereditary factors
Factors that influence development genetically passed down from biological parents
Environmental factors
Factors that influence development from an individual’s physical or social surroundings
Enriched environment
A person’s basic needs are met
Deprived environment
A person’s basic needs aren’t met
Biological
Relates to the body and it’s systems
Psychological
Relates to cognitive and emotional functioning
Social
Relates to an individual’s interaction with the external environment
Attachment
The bond between an infant and their mother or primary caregiver
A British psychiatrist who began researching attachment in the 1940s
John Bowlby
Bowlby’s four phases of attachment
Pre-attachment, preliminary attachment, clear-cut attachment, goal-directed partnership
Canadian scientist who researched infant attachment in an experimental setting
Mary Ainsworth
Insecure avoidant attachment (type A)
Unbothered by their mother’s presence or absence
Secure attachment (type B)
Distressed when the mother leaves but happy when she returns
Insecure resistant attachment (type C)
Very distressed when the mother leaves the room and not comforted by her return
Harlow monkey experiments (1958)
Separated 8 infant monkeys from their mother 6-12 hours after birth. Placed them with surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth. Four of the cloth mothers provided food and four of the wire mothers provided food.
Cognitive development
The growth and maturing of our thinking processes
A Swiss psychologist who believed that individual’s cognitive development moves through 4 distinct stages in childhood.
Jean Piaget
Assimilation
the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema.
Accommodation
the cognitive process of restructuring an existing schema in order to fit new information.
Sensorimotor stage
Birth-2 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Object permanence, goal directed behaviour
Pre-operational stage
2-7 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Animism, symbolic thinking
Concrete operational stage
7-11 years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Reversibility of thought, conservation
Formal operational stage
12+ years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Abstract thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning
How many stages does Erikson’s theory have?
8
Stage 1
Birth-18 months, trust vs mistrust
Stage 2
18 months-3 years. autonomy vs shame and doubt
Stage 3
3-5 years, initiative vs guilt
Stage 4
6-12 years, industry vs inferiority
Stage 5
Adolescence, identity vs role confusion
Stage 6
Young adulthood, intimacy vs isolation
Stage 7
Middle adulthood, generativity vs stagnation
Stage 8
Late adulthood, integrity vs despair
Critical period
Fixed period of time, cannot acquire skill after this time frame.
Sensitive period
flexible and broad period of time, skills easier to acquire during this time, but can be learnt after
Example of critical period
Learning a first language
Example of sensitive period
Learning a second language
Scientist that invented phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall
Two scientists that studied split brain surgery
Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga
Hemisphere that processes language
Left hemipshere
Neurogenesis
The production of new neurons
Neural migration
The movement of new neurons in to their final place in the nervous system
Synaptogenesis
New synapses are formed between neurons
Synaptic pruning
The removal of extra, unused or weak synaptic connections
6 stages of brain development
Neurogenesis, neural migration, neural maturation, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination
Sprouting
New connections between neurons
Rerouting
An undamaged neuron finding a new connection with another undamaged neuron after losing connection with a damaged neuron
Huntingtons disease cause
Single gene defect from mum or dad
How many stages of CTE are there
4
Extraneous variable
Anything that is not the independent variable that can affect the results
Controlled variable
Variable held constant throughout the study
Dependent variable
Variable that’s measured
Independent variable
Standalone, unchanged variable
