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PPL > unit 3 > Flashcards

unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

takeoff is prohibited when ice is adhering to…

A

ice, frost or snow is adhering to any CRITICAL SURFACE of the plane (ex. wings, tail, propeller)

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2
Q

explain the coal soaking phenomenon

A

when plane goes from cold to warm area, condensation and ice can build up on the planes skin
- wing surface warms up, but fuel is still very cold = forms frost

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3
Q

how does ice affect wing, propellers and windshield differently

A

wing collects ice = ice changes shape of wing = less lift and ore drag

ice on prop = asymmetric vibration and loss of thrust

ice on windshield blocks vision

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4
Q

you can not land a small/light plane on a snowy surface unless…

A

you can guarantee the safety of the surface (call ahead of time to ask if runway cleared)

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5
Q

conditions are considered to be “whiteout” when

A

unbroken snow cover + overcast sky = cant’ see horizon or landmarks

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6
Q

severe turbulence from a thunderstorm can extend up to ____ miles from the storm

A

20 miles

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7
Q

thunderstorm avoidance rules:
- don’t takeoff or land when…
- don’t fly ____ the storm
- avioid area when storm covers ____ of that area

A
  • storm approaching
  • underneath
  • 6/10
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8
Q

when flying through a mountain:
- downdrafts occur in _____ areas, updrafts occur in ____ areas
- make a route when you can always do a _________
- must be able to complete a _____ _____ type of turn at all times

A
  • shady, sunny
  • safe forced landing
  • maximum rate, minimum radius turn
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9
Q

for wildlife reasons, don’t fly less than _____ ft AGL

A

2000

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10
Q

T/F: i can use landing lights and strobe lights for collision avoidance

A

false, can’t use strobe lights when it’s cloudy (or taxiing). so yes you can use either landing lights or strobe lights, but you can’t use strobe when it’s cloudy

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11
Q

the CRFI (can runway friction index) tells us

CRFI = 0.1
CRFI = 1 means…

A

how slippery the runway is

0.1 = slippery af
1 = dry

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12
Q

explain VASIS vs PAPI systems

A

VASIS = visual approach slope indicator system
- red/red = dead
- white/white = flight
- red/white = perfect

PAPI = 2-4 light system

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13
Q

minimum aerodrome lighting is

A

two parallel rows of white lights spaced 200 ft apart for a minimum length of 420m (1377 ft)

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14
Q

where do you check to see if there’s any new towers on your route that’s not marked on a map?

A

CFS and NOTAM in your area

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15
Q

what is wheelbarrowing

A

plane going too fast on landing with a nose down attitude = too much lift that it keeps the back wheels off the runway = all weight on nose wheel

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16
Q

porpoising explain

A

touch down with all 3 wheels at same time = bounce

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17
Q

landing distances can be increased up to ____% when a tire hydroplanes

A

700%

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18
Q

wind shear definition

A

change in wind speed or wind direction

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19
Q

most susceptible to wnd shears if your plane is ____ ____ ____

A

large, heavy and slow

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20
Q

T/F: passengers are in control of their phone use

A

false pilots can decide whether or not passengers use phones

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21
Q

avoid a bird by

A

full power and climb

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22
Q

passenger briefing must have:

A
  • emergency exits
  • how to use seatbelt
  • how to position and secutere their seat
  • how to stow carryon bags
  • no smoking
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23
Q

high density altitude = ______ performance

A

poor

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24
Q

______ temp, altitude, pressure, humidity = poor performance

A

high temp
high altitude
low pressure
high humidity

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25
Q

how is engine, propeller and wings affected by low air density

A
  • engine = less power
  • propeller = less thrust
  • wings = less lift
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26
Q

low air density = ______ takeoff run, and _____ landing distance

A

longer takeoff run
longer landing distance

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27
Q

explain the ground effect

A

decrease in induced drag that the wings generate when they are close to the ground because wake vortices blocked by ground
- can use ground effect to gain speed/soft field takeoffs

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28
Q

danger of ground effect

A

when plane raises out of the ground effect, its in danger of stalling or settling back to the ground because of this influx of the previously hidden induced drag

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29
Q

Vx vs Vy

A

Vx = best angle of climb = most altitude gain per unit of distance

Vy = best rate of climb = most altitude gain per unit of time

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30
Q

Va explain

A

maneuvering speed
- as long as plane is operated at speeds slower than Va, the wing will stall before sustaining damage from too much load

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31
Q

how does Va change with weight of plane

A

heavy plane = Va increases
light plane = Va decreases

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32
Q

to glide for range use what speed

A

best L:D ratio

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33
Q

how change speed if glide into head wind vs tail wind

A

head wind = increase speeed so you don’t stall
tail wind = decrease speed so you don’t cause damage

34
Q

flying for range vs endurance

A

range = farthest distance we can fly for given amount of fuel

endurance = longest time we can stay in the air for a given amount of fuel

35
Q

flying for range vs endurance

A

range = farthest distance we can fly per unit of fuel

36
Q

indicated vs true airspeed
does indicated and true speeds vary with altitude, and does stalling speed change?

A

indicated airspeed = speed of plane relative to wind
true airspeed = speed accounting for air density (plane moves faster when air is thinner)

plane will say that indicated airspeed at sea level and 10000 ft are the same because it’s the same proportion of molecules going past static port and pitot.

but at higher altitudes, you have less drag so you do end up flying faster with same power input.

indicated stall speed is always the SAME

true stall speed increases with altitude because there’s less molecules to give you lift, so you need to fly faster

37
Q

two planes operated at same angle of bank:
the faster plane = ______ radius and ______ rate of turn

A

larger radius and smaller rate

38
Q

two planes operated at same speed:
the plane at steeper angle of bank = _____ radius and _____ rate of turn

A

smaller radius and larger rate

39
Q

tail heavy plane has ____ CoG
- puts ____ pressure on tail stabilizer
- ____ stalling speed, and when it stalls the nose goes ____

A

rearward
- less
- lower
up

40
Q

nose heavy plane has a ___ CoG
- ____ pressure on tail stabilizer
- ____ stalling speed, and when it stalls the nose pitches _____

A

forward
- more
- increases
- down

41
Q

ice accumulation with the thickness and roughness of a medium to coarse sandpaper will decrease lift by ___% and increase drag by ___%

A

lift = 30%
drag = 40%

42
Q

why do you need to dry your plane off when taking it out of a warm hanger on a winter day

A

don’t want puddles of water on plane or else it could freeze

43
Q

how does rain make cold soaking worse

A

in tropical climate, rain hits cold wing and freezes into ice and ice is bad

44
Q

Type 1 icing fluid
- for _____ ice
- made from ____ + ______

A
  • removing
  • glycol + water/antifreeze
45
Q

type 2 icing fluid
- for _____ ice
- used for planes at _____ speeds because…

A

preventing
- low speeds or else it’ll fly off at high speeds

46
Q

shearing speed for having type 3 icing fluid on wings

A

less than 100 knots

47
Q

shearing speed for having type 4 icing fluid on wings

A

over 100 it’s

48
Q

what is fluid “holdover time”

A

how long the de-icing or anti-icing fluid will hold on for

49
Q

T/F: de icing or anti-icing provides in-flight icing protection

A

no those only last for short period of time and plane has other in flight methods of protection

50
Q

what decreases icing fluid holdover time (ratio, rain vs snow, temperature)

A

diluted mixture
rain has more moisture than snow
low temperatures

all decrease amount of time the icing solutions will last on plane

51
Q

dry grass runway:
- ____% longer takeoff ground roll because more friction
- ____% longer landing because more slippery

A

15% takeoff
45% landing

52
Q

does wind affect endurance calculations (flying for max endurance)

A

no because yo’ll be in the air for 4hrs with or without wind

53
Q

downslope runway has illusion of appearing too _____ on approach to landing

A

low

54
Q

upslope runway has illusion of appearing too _____ on approach to landing

A

high

55
Q

why do overloaded planes have a decreased range and lower cruising speed

A

heavy plane = high angle of attack = more drag

more drag = burn more fuel = shorter distance it travels = decreased range

more drag = slows plane down = lower cruising speed

56
Q

standard airplane weight
standard empty weight
basic empty weight
useful load
maximum takeoff weight

A

standard airplane weight = airframe + engine
standard empty weight = airframe + engine + un-usable fuel and oil
basic empty weight = airframe + engine + un-usable fuel + oil + optional equipment
useful load = weight you can add like passengers + fuel + bags + fuel
maximum takeoff weight = max weight your plane is approved for takeoff

57
Q

what is a “superseded” weight and balance report and what changes?

A

you replace an old GPS with a new GPS equipment (new weight reading to account for)

so that changes the basic empty weight and useful load

58
Q

what is maximum ramp weight

A

mac weight approved for ground maneuvering
- allows you to fill up the fuel tanks a few more points above the max takeoff weight because the plane will burn this fuel during the start, taxi and run-up

59
Q

weight of AVGAS, jet fuel and oil in lbs/gal

A

AVGAS = 6 lbs/gal
jet fuel = 6.6 lbs/gal
oil = 7.5 lbs/gal

60
Q

what is zero fuel weight

A

weight of the plane + passengers+ oil + bags + un-usable fuel

everything EXCEPT usable fuel

61
Q

moment = ___ x ____

A

arm x weight

62
Q

normal category +/- G limits

A

+ 3.8 G
- 1.5 G

63
Q

utility category +/- G limits

A

+ 4.4 G
- 1.7 G

64
Q

acrobatic category +/- G limits

A

+6 G
- 3 G

65
Q

T/F: wake turbulence strongest at lift-off

A

true because slow speeds = high AoA = high drag = large vortices

66
Q

wake vortex trails behind planes at _____ ft/min and below plane at ____ ft

A

behind. 300-500 ft/min
below 1000 ft

67
Q

size of wake turbulence (width and depth in terms of wingspan)

A

width = 2 wingspans
depth = 1 wingspan

68
Q

how does wind and turbulent conditions affect wake turbulence

A

wind can blow someone else’s vortices onto your runway

calm conditions = vortices stay
turbulent conditions = vortices break up faster

69
Q

whose responsibility is it to avoid wake turbulence

A

pilot

70
Q

weight categories of light, medium and heavy plane

A

light = less than 7000 kg
medium = 7000-136 000 kg
heavy = greater than 136 000 kg

71
Q

wake turbulence vs jet blast

A

wake turbulence from induced drag of wing while flying in air

jet blast is from engine

72
Q

idle blast area and takeoff thrust area of a jumbo jet

A

idle blast area = 600 ft
takeoff thrust area = 1600 ft

73
Q

idle blast area and takeoff thrust area of a medium jet

A

idle blast area 450 ft
takeoff thrust area = 1200 ft

74
Q

idle blast area and takeoff thrust area of a small jet

A

idle blast area = 200 ft
takeoff thrust area = 500 ft

75
Q

after ___hr of not arriving at your destination, who starts the official search for you

A

1hr
JRCC (joint rescue coordination centre)

76
Q

once a plane is reported missing, a _____ will be sent to nearby ATS. what should you do

A

MANOT (missing aircraft notification)
keep visual lookout and monitor 121.5

77
Q

transponder code 7700 means

A

emergency

78
Q

transponder 7600 means

A

communitcation failure

79
Q

transponder 7500 means

A

hijack

80
Q

transponder 7500 then 7700 means

A

hijack that is bad and requesting armed intervention

81
Q

how to tell radar ATC you’re in trouble and can’t establish communication

A

fly triangle pattern

PPL (14 decks)

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