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PPL > u5 > Flashcards

u5 Flashcards

1
Q

pitot-static system connects to which instruments

A

altimeter
airspeed indicator
vertical speed indicator

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2
Q

which instrument connects to both the pitot tube and static port

A

airspeed indicator

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3
Q

which instruments only connect to the static port

A

altimeter and vertical speed indicator

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4
Q

difference between ____ and _____ pressure gives airspeed indicator reading

A

static and dynamic

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5
Q

what is the purpose of the drain hole in the pitot tube

A

in case its raining and water gets into pitot tube it can drain out

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6
Q

why is pitot tube mounted away from interference (slipstream, wing pressure gradient)

and exactly where is it mounted?

A

so its only getting dynamic pressure of undisturbed air

below and in front of leading edge of wing (pressure gradient), and far away from fuselage (slipstream)

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7
Q

if you’re flying IFR, what is required for your pitot tube

A

heating

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8
Q

what is pitot tube positional error

A

flying at low AoA (fast) = air goes directly into pitot tube = accurate reading

flying at high AoA (slow) = not as many air molecules into pitot tube because flying at high angle = lower dynamic pressure reading than you’re acc going

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9
Q

how would a dent in front of the static port affect the static pressure reading? and behind?

A

in front: tilts static port towards oncoming air = reading higher pressure than acc

behind: tilts static port away from oncoming air = reading lower pressure than acc

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10
Q

im in an unpressurized plane and uh oh something has blocked my static port. what are two things i can do within the cockpit to get a static reading?

A

physically rip the static line so its taking in the unpressurized air of the cabin

break glass of VSI

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11
Q

static port is blocked so i switch to my alternate static source. it will read _____ pressure than my regular static port. how will this affect my instruments?

A

alternate static = lower pressure

ALT = indicate higher than acc
VSI = momentarily indicate a climb but then settle back to 0
ASI = greater than normal speed because since static is reading lower pressure than before, it’s a bigger pressure difference between pitot and static = faster speed

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12
Q

if static port is blocked and you have NOT pulled your alternate static air, what would your instruments look like

A

ASI = during a climb it’d say you’re going hella slow, whereas in a descent it’d say you’re going hella fast

ALT = stops moving

VSI = 0

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13
Q

if pitot tube is COMPLETELY blocked how is the ASI affected in a climb vs descent

A

climb = airspeed increases

descent = airspeed decreases

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14
Q

if the pitot tube is PARTIALLY blocked, how will the airspeed indicator be affected

A

ASI will eventually decrease to 0

because drain hole is open and so air in the system will slowly leak out until it reaches equilibrium with outside air pressure = air pressure difference is zero

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15
Q

explain how the airspeed indicator works mechanically

A
  • ram air through pitot fills up diaphragm = expands diaphragm
  • static air fills up the instrument chamber = resists diaphragm
  • pressure difference gives indicated airspeed
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16
Q

3 types of airspeed indicator errors

A
  1. position and instrument error (position of pitot tube)
  2. compressibility error (when flying fast 250KT and high altitudes like jets)
  3. density error (termperature and altitude changes - because indicator is made for standard atmosphere at sea level)
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17
Q

IAS increases ___% for every _____ ft of pressure altitude increase

A

2%
1000 ft

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18
Q

how does the indicated airspeed for stall change at different altitudes

A

the stall IAS never changes with altitude

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19
Q

how different are the calibrated airspeed and indicated airspeed at slow vs fast speeds

A

low speed = high AoA = greater position error = CAS much higher than IAS

high speed = low AoA = less position error = CAS and IAS are pretty much the same

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20
Q

how different are the calibrated airspeed and indicated airspeed at slow vs fast speeds

A

low speed = high AoA = greater position error = CAS much higher than IAS

high speed = low AoA = less position error = CAS and IAS are pretty much the same

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21
Q

why does the plane stall at a higher TAS than IAS at high altitudes/high termpareatues

A

because the plane is going faster through less dense air to maintain flight

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22
Q

indicated stall speed depends on

A

angle of attack of wing

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23
Q

what is ground speed and what is a ground speed check?

A
  • actual speed plane is travelling over the ground (TAS accounting for wind)
  • timing how long it takes to flow to a known distance
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24
Q

as bank angle increases = stall speed _____

A

increases

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25
Q

as weight increases = stalling speed _____
why?

A

increases
because flying cruise at higher AoA because need more lift for more weight so reach critical AoA easier

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26
Q

fwd vs aft CoG loading. which one results in a higher stall speed and why

A

fwd CoG = faster stall speed
nose heavy plane = pilot needs to pitch up and fly at higher AoA for same airspeed compared to aft loading

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27
Q

how does turbulence increase the stall speed?

A

because a gust has the potential to increase AoA suddenly

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28
Q

why do hot temperatures and high elevation increase landing roll? can we slow down our plane on landing to compensate?

A

because TAS is higher than IAS

no because we don’t want the IAS to be so slow that it’ll reach stalling speed. just accept you have longer landing roll

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29
Q

why is Vx always slower than Vy

A

because Vx has more induced drag whereas Vy is minimized drag (best L:D)

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30
Q

light vs heavy plane. which one has a lower Va and why

A

light planes have lower Va because light planes are more forcefully pushed by a gust = easier to over stress

31
Q

how does the vertical speed indicator work

A
  • as the plane climbs, the static port fills up the diaphragm quickly
  • the static port also connects to a narrow hole into the instrument casing that allows for a slow, calibrated leak
  • the calibrated leak lags
  • difference in air pressure tells us climb/descent
  • eventually once in level flight again, the calibrated leak catches up and evens out to diaphragm = zero
32
Q

two types of VSI errors:

A
  1. lag error - takes 6-8 sec for VSI to catch up and acc show a pressure difference
  2. reversal - sharp and sudden pitch change will cause the VSI to temporarily show the opposite of what the plane is doing
33
Q

how does the altimeter work

A
  • 29.92 inHg in diaphragm
  • static port fills with outside air which affects how compressed the diaphragm is
  • compare pressure difference
34
Q

altimeters tell us indicated altitude. what does this mean

A

true altitude depends on environment

weather changes outside air pressure (hot day = less dense) so altimeters have a knob to calibrate the altimeter diaphragm to outside airport conditions

35
Q

when a plane is flying from an area of high pressure to low pressure , without correcting the setting, the altimeter will read ______

A

too high

36
Q

flying from low pressure region to high pressure region without changing the altimeter setting, the altimeter will read too _____

A

low

37
Q

a low pressure zone will have air spinning ________. this causes a plane to drift ______

A

counter clockwise
right

38
Q

for a given vertical depth, the pressure of cold air will change at a _________ rate than warm air

A

greater

39
Q

why do you naturally start to descend when you fly through a valley

A

increased wind speed = decreased pressure in that area = generate less lift

also since we’re in a low pressure zone, your altimeter will indicate that you’re higher than you actually are

40
Q

how can mountain waves be dangerous for IFR pilot who is looking at their altimeter

A

wind deflected over mountain = speeds up = decreased pressure = plane thinks its higher than it acc is so your altimeter will over read

also severe downdrafts can push the plane down towards the mountain

41
Q

must inspect pitot-static system every ____ (time) for IFR flights

A

24 months

42
Q

indicated, pressure, density, true and absolute altitude

A

indicated alt = reading on altimeter when it’s set to current pressure

pressure altitude = pressure in terms of standard atmosphere 29.92

density altitude = pressure altitude accounting for termperature (hot, high, humid = high DA)

true altitude = exact height above mean sea level

absolute altitude = actual height above the earths surface (AGL)

43
Q

the magnetic compass is inside a case filled with ______. why is it filled with that?

A

white kerosene

to dampen the vibrations or oscillations of the compass card when we fly

44
Q

magnetic dip vs magnetic variation vs magnetic deviation

A

magnetic dip = compass aligns with magnetic fields and near the poles, the field lines bend so the compass itself tilts itself towards the pole = not flat = unreliable reading

magnetic variation = difference between true north and magnetic north heading

deviation = compass readings slightly deviated from magnetic north because the magnetic fields of the plane/electronics itself

45
Q

isogonic vs agonic line

A

isogonic = connect locations where the angle between magnetic north and true north is the same

agonic line = the isogonic line that connects places with ZERO degree magnetic variation

46
Q

rule to convert from TRUE to MAGNETIC course: ______ is least, ____ is best

A

east is least, west is best

47
Q

halifax and victoria. which has east and which has west variation

A

halifax (east) has a WEST variation
victoria (west) has a EAST variation

48
Q

what is the northerly turning error and what’s the acronym

A
  • during a turn, friction causes inaccurate compass readings

UNOS (northern hemisphere)
undershoot north, overshoot south

turning north, compass initially shows turn in opposite direction (lags)

turning south, compass overshoots before returning to your heading

49
Q

what is the acceleration/deceleration error and what is the acronym

A

accelation on an east/west heading will move the compass card incorrectly

ANDS
accelerate north, decelerate south

50
Q

why can’t you put your ipad on the dashboard

A

because those electromagnetic fields can mess with your compass magnet and cause it to point in wrong direction

51
Q

gyroscope has two characteristics and explain

A
  1. rigidity in space - once disc spinning, it’s rigid in space and everything else (plane) moves around it
  2. precession - deflection of a spinning wheel 90º to the plane of rotation
52
Q

which instruments in plane have a gyroscope

A

attitude indicator, heading indicator and turn coordinator

53
Q

attitude indicator on _____ system and turn coordinator on ______ system because….

A

AI = vacuum
TC = electrical

if one system fails, the other is backup

54
Q

engine driven vs venturi driven vacuum system

A

engine driven: engine starts up = immediately powers gyroscope on ground unmoving

venturi driven: gyroscope can only spin when plane is moving so air can go through venturi. so if ice blocks venturi - no airflow to gyroscope = gyroscope stops spinning = vacuum driven instruments fail

55
Q

the heading indicator has a gyro that spins ________

A

vertically

56
Q

what instrument is prone to apparent precession. also wtf is apparent precession

A

heading indicator

  • initially planes HI set to face magnetic north at location 1
  • plane crosses multiple isogonic lines
  • direction of magnetic north changes but heading indicator can detect that change automatically so need to change HI to correct it
57
Q

travelling east to west vs west to east. which direction will your HI experience most apparent precession

A

east to west = drastic heading difference because crossing more isogonic lines

(earth is rotating under plane as well)

58
Q

why is a heading indicator better than compass

A
  • HI steady in turbulence
  • none of the compass errors (UNOS ANDS)
  • reliable as long as pilot readjusts for the apparent precession and frictional precession
59
Q

pilot must set HI to match compass every _____ (time)

A

15 mins

60
Q

im banked 55º and my heading indicator is tumbling. can i use it again once in steady flight?

A

not until its reset by the adjustment knob

61
Q

the attitude indicator has a gyro that spins _______

A

horizontally

62
Q

two basic properties of gyroscope

A
  1. rigidity in space
  2. precession (90º force)
63
Q

gyros have the LEAST amount of precession when…

(spinning speed, weight, size)

A

gyro is spinning fast, heavy weight, large radius

64
Q

Attitude indicator gyro error:
- acceleration indicates a ______
- deceleration indicates a _____

A

climb
descent

65
Q

what is a standard rate turn? plane moves _____º of heading change every ______. so it takes ____ mins to turn 360º

A

3º/sec
2

66
Q

skid vs slip in terms of bank

A

skid = not enough bank = ball rolls towards outside of inclometer

slip = too much bank = ball rolls inside of the inclometer

67
Q

the turn and bank indicator has a gyro that spins ______

A

vertically

68
Q

why can a turn and bank indicator only sense YAW motion, and not roll ?

A

because of it’s mounting.

when precession tries to happen (90º force), it hits the mounting, so it doesn’t move the gyro
resultant force blocked

69
Q

why can the turn coordinator respond to yaw and roll?

A

because gyro is mounted 30-35º angle from horizontal

70
Q

a plane flying at a faster speed needs a _____ bank angle to have the same rate of turn as a slower plane

A

greater

71
Q

for standard rate turn, bank angle equation is…

A

bank angle = (KTAS/10) + 7

72
Q

which instruments tell us pitch and which ones tell us bank and which ones tell us power?

A

pitch = AI, altimeter, VSI
bank = AI, TC, heading indicator
power = tach, ASI

73
Q

instrument flying rn and i’m nose up, approaching a stall? what’s my recovery and which instruments do i use/not use

A

ASI and TC
(assume vacuum AI and HI have toppled and ALT and VSI are lagging)

as ASI decreasing, approaching a stall

  1. full power
  2. nose down until ASI stops decreasing
  3. level wings with TC
  4. reduce power to cruise
  5. cross check instruments
74
Q

instrument flying rn and i’m nose down spiral. what instruments do i use/recovery

A

use ASI and TC

look at ASI trend, is it increasing

  1. power off
  2. level wings with TC
  3. nose up until ASI stops increasing
  4. return to cruise power
  5. cross check instruments

PPL (14 decks)

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