Unit 1 Flashcards
What happens in cockpit?
command and control
what do turbine engines do?
generate THRUST
what do wings do?
generate LIFT
what do winglets do?
decrease drag (that a wing generates)
what do horizontal stabilizers do?
control pitch
what do elevators do and where are they located?
located on edges of horizontal stabilizers at back
they change pitch
difference between horizontal stabilizers and elevators
horizontal stabilizers CONTROL pitch
elevators CHANGE pitch - acc gets the plane nose up/down
what do vertical stabilizers do>
control yaw
what do rudders do and where are they located
rudders change yaw
located on edge/back of vertical stabilizer
difference between vertical siabilizers and rudder
vertical stabilizers CONROL yaw
rudder CHANGES yaw
what is yaw? and what do u use to change it it
side-side movement of nose of aircraft
use the rudder to change yaw
what is pitch? and what do u use to change it
up-down movement of nose of aircraft
use elevators to change pitch
what do flaps do?
where are they located
most common time to use flaps
flaps increase lift and drag
located on in-board portion of wing
use when landing
what do ailerons do?
where are they located
change roll
located on outside edge of wing
how do ailerons work to roll and airplane
one side goes up, other side goes down = roll right/left
what do spoilers do
change lift, drag, roll
what do slats do and where are they located
increase lift
at front edge of wing
what is the fuselage
the body of the aircraft - holds everything together and carries load
in most airplanes (esp smaller ones), where is the fuel tank located
in the wing/top
where is the engine located on small propeller planes
at front
4 basic components of airplane
fuselage, wings, tail assembly, landing gear
Longitudinal axis = through ___ to ___ = causing ___ (direction: ___/___) -> move ___
Lateral axis = through ___to ___ = causing ___ (direction: ___/___) -> move ___
Vertical axis = through ___ to ___ = causing ___ (direction: ___/___) -> move ___
Longitudinal axis = through nose to tail = causing roll (tip left/right) -> move ailerons
Lateral axis = through wing tip to wing tip = causing pitch (up/down) -> move elevators
Vertical axis = through top to bottom = causing yaw (side/side) -> move rudder
the airspeed indicator tells us
how fast the plane goes through the AIR
how is airspeed different than ground speed?
ground speed changes depending on whether or not you’re moving with or against the wing
If you’re going against the wind, your ground speed is LOWER than airspeed seen on instrument indicator
what is attitude indicator showing you
Shows what’s happening outside: if nose is high/low attitude, or if plane is banked to right/left
what does altimeter tell you
Height of plane compared to sea level
what does vertical speed indicator tell you
Shows speed of plane climbing or descending (feet/min)
what is heading indicator’s job
Used like a compass
what does turn coordinator tell you
Give rate of turn left/right and how long it will take to turn 180º
and quality of turn
what does tachometer do
set engine RPM
what is VOR
radio navigation instrument that Gives me position of myself relative to a certain ground radio tower
what does ILS do for you
Instrument landing system
Up down, left right needles to guide to runway
what is ADF
Automatic direction finder
Points towards nearest ground station
the radio panel has a voice radio and navigation radio. what do they do?
Voice radio = talk to air traffic control and other pilots
Navigation radio = tune to specific frequencies so VOR and ADF can pick up signals
what does GPS/GNSS do
Uses satellite and database to pinpoint airplanes position in world
what does transponder do
Helps air traffic control find you easily using a 4-digit code
the Truss airframe:
1. what is fuselage made of?
2. why are they made from that material?
3. difference between old and newer Trusses
4. Examples
steel/aluminum tubes that are welded together in the shape of a truss design (like an old railway bridge)
strength
old models only have longerons and struts. newer models have longerons, struts + bulkheads and stringers because more aerodynamic
. Citabria, Piper Cub, Kitfox
semi-monocoque airframe
1. what is the fuselage made of?
2. ___ put in specific locations to maintain cabin pressure
3. difference between truss and semi-monocoque in terms of what supports the load
4. why is it a better design than the truss?
Series of formers (donuts) and bulkheads (solid) held together by stringers running lengthwise. wrapped in stressed skin
bulkheads
difference bet
Stressed skin + stringers takes on part of load, whereas in Truss the load is supported by steel frame/beams
More lightweight and aerodynamic than Truss design
difference between semi and pure monocoque
PURE mono Have formers, bulkheads and stressed skin but NO stringers = skin supports entire load so small damage to skin can cause big problems
SEMI mono have Have formers, bulkheads, stringers and stressed skin = skin and stringers support load = more durable
composite airframes
1. made from what?
2. why is this material better than metal
3. explain the issue that arises when it gets damaged
4. examples
Layers of a fiberglass, carbon fiber and kevlar mixture
Stronger and lighter than metal. No fatiguing problems that metal causes (metal flexes/bends -> leads to cracks)
Difficult to tell if damage is done because doesn’t show damage externally
Ex. heat deterioration and rock hits wing causes internal damage that you can’t see by looking at it.
- Metal starts to deform when stressed, but composite will not show physical/exterior warnings of stress and break suddenly
cessna and diamond
difference between tricycle and conventional/tail-wheel landing gear
tricycle = nose wheel, stable on ground (balaneced COG), better visibility over nose
tail-wheel = less drag, more propeller clearance, good for rough runways
is nose wheeel or tail wheel landing gear easier during take off?
nose wheel because balanced COG keeps it more stable - if you start to yaw, nose COG helps plane correct itself. if u start to yaw with a tailwheel, the tail COG will further push the plane to yaw more and make it less stable
retractable main gear:
Reduces _______
Increases _________
Makes plane more _______
Reduces PARASITE drag
Increasing forward velocity
Makes plane more streamlined
fixed main gear: what absorbs shock in a…
1. split axle
2. spring steel cantilever
3. single strut
bungee cord
steel rods
oleo system (hydraulic fluid and compressed air)
how does differential braking work
Left and right brake is operated separately
As tire spins, brake disc rotates too
Push rudder pedal = sends hydraulic fluid to calipers = calipers push on brake pads = brake pads squeeze disk brake = slow tire rotation
flaps are Installed on wing to increase _____ and angle of _____ to increase _____
However too much lift causes _____
Installed on wing to increase camber and angle of attack to increase lift
However too much lift causes drag
why is 10º flaps perfect
10º of flaps is perfect because good lift and barely any drag
______ pressure tires better for soft or rough airstrips. the size of these tires are _____
low
large
flaperons are
Combined flap + aileron
what are cowl flaps
why are they used
what problem can they pose?
when are they open
when are they closed
flaps that open to cowl
used to cool engine
can cause drag
open for high power settings (taxi, takeoff, climbing)
closed when dont need (cruise, descent)
